Chaos TL: A world without Genghis Khan's conquests (finished!)

[Max Sinister]

Eastern Europe, 1550-1600

1552: Mongols attack a Novorussian caravan at the Silk Road. When the uninterested Grand Prince again disappoints the merchants, they decide to act. Another delegation sent to the Hong emperor is successful: In exchange for them sending a tribute of furs, wax and honey, he allows them to found trade stations in his empire.

~1560: Settlements in Novorossiya as far as upper Amur/Aigun river.

1561: Novorossiyan cities threatened by Mongols and Muslims form "unofficial official" armies to defend them, instead of the irregular defenders they had so far.

1567: Dvoryans battle Muslims in Kipchak lands between Don and Donez; Seljuks unable to interfere. Russians proclaim the Dvoryan republic of Polovtsia. (Yes, now there are two republics there, Polovtsia and Kipchakia. I liked the idea of having several states, each named after a different name for the same people. SCNR.)

1570s: Dvoryans conquer OTL Kalmuk steppe, reach the Caucasus.

1574: Russians found a trade station in Nanjing. In the decades and centuries following, a "Russian quarter" develops from it (similar in many other cities in the northern Chinese empire and Korea).

1579: Vladicaucas founded at the same place as IOTL (the name means "rule the Caucasus", it's a logical choice).

~1580: Settlements in Novorossiya have reached the Pacific. Since the Russians now have settled OTL Ukraine and Siberia, they start to expand to other areas.

1580s: The "parties" of Novorossiya start to take form - on the one hand, the "Westerners" who want to preserve ties to Vladimir-Suzdal and Russian traditions, OTOH the "Chunkwophiles" who want to introduce Chinese thoughts they find useful. Ironically, the former are strict defenders of the democratic rights (as in the vyetjes), while the latter have at least some sympathies for the imperial idea.

1583: Alyeska (Alaska) discovered by Russian sailors.

1584: Start of the reign of Grand Prince Pyotr of Vladimir-Suzdal, who'll become the first Czar.

1586-90: Russian-Polovtsian War. All the lands between Dniepr and Don (except the Crimea and Tauria north of it) become Russian.

1589: Novorossiyan cities start to develop a defense network to coordinate their military.
Sharukan (OTL Charkov), capital of the Kumans, conquered.

1590: Kuriles annexed by Novorossiya.

1591: In Yenisseisk (at OTL Krasnoyarsk's site), a school for Chinese studies is founded, which will later develop into the first university of Novorossiya.

1592: Vladimir-Suzdal attacks Sweden. For the purpose of the war, a new tax is made, which also has to be paid in Novorossiya. Many people there are angry about the tax.

1594: Peace of Helsingfors. Scandinavia has to give Estonia and parts of Finland to Russia.

Read [post=704290]what the university of Yenisseisk will teach in the future[/post]!

 

[Max Sinister]

East Asia, 1550-1600

Since 1550: Burma suffers under a decline in trading.

1553 (3250, Yin Water Ox): Hong Empire forges a formal military alliance with its SE Asian client kingdoms, directed against Bengal and other possible enemies.

1561: On Mindanao, Muslim preachers start to criticize the arriving Han disturbing their society and the Hong emperor being overlord of the sultan.

1564: Tibetan exilees arrive in Bhutan, unite the country for the first time.

1569-88: Conquest of the Delhi Sultanate by Persia.

1570: Japanese ships trading with Java discover the North coast of Australia, but aren't interested in this land, like the Chinese and Javans who came before them.

Since 1575: Arab piracy makes the India trade less profitable, Chinese start to avoid these seas.
The Vietnamese population has grown, but they can't push into the Champa and Khmer lands. Vietnamese start to emigrate to the Philippines.

1584 (3281, Yang Wood Monkey): Hong emperor sends troops to Mindanao to put the Muslims back. Chinese soldiers stay on Mindanao to watch the Muslims.

1594 (3291, Yang Wood Horse): The harbors of SE Asia are closed for Seljuk ships, so the Japanese can fill this gap too.

Since 1600: Mataram on Java starts to rise its head against the until then dominating but now stagnating Majapahit.

Read [post=707183]a Manhua [1] review from TTL here[/post]!

[1] Not the right term ITTL, but I don't want to spoil too much...

 

[HelloLegend]

Is there parallel cracks in the Hong Dynasty in the late 1500s as in the Ming of this time period?

Are there any signs that the Hong will soon lose the Mandate of Heaven?

What's going on in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia? from 1575 to 1600.

Is it safe to assume Nurhaci and possibly his unimportant clan the Gioro have been butterflied?

What kinds of policies to Hong use to keep their northern borders safe?

 

[Max Sinister]

16th century: Science, summary and a map!

@HelloLegend: No, the Hong are quite stable, also thanks to introducing better government methods (see below). There are Mongolians there, but the Great Wall and stronger garnisons than the Song had keep the Mongols out. (They harass the Russians, however.) The mentioned clan was butterflied away since long. The Nuzhen are wedged between Chinese and Russians, and might fall sooner or later to the one or another.

Before we come to the rest, of few retcons for Atlantis:

1518/19: Castillians subjugate the first Maya cities.
(There are/were a lot of political entities around, each of had to be defeated independently, other than the Aztecs or Inca.)

1527: Huayna Capac doesn't die.

1528: Huascar, son of Huayna Capac, caught conspiring against his brother, the heir of Huayna Capac, named Ninan Cuyochi.

1529: Smallpox hit the Mexica... however, the Allies of the Quadruple monarchy aren't better off, so it's a two-sided damage.
Motehcuhzoma II dies too, Cuitláuac becomes new ruler of the Mexica.

1532: Huayna Capac dies.

1549: French monks arrive in the Inca Empire to convert the population to Christianity.

Since ~1550: After Mexico, the Inca lands adapt a pidgin version of French for communication with the Europeans.

1550: Mining experts from Europe teach the Inca new techniques to get more silver from OTL Potosi. The Inca use their new riches to buy weapons and tools, and later books and machines from Europeans.

1552: Silver discovered in Zacatecas.

1553: Plagues hit Inca empire, killing a great percentage of the population. Chibcha in the North and several more (like the Aymara) in the South become practically independent again.

1554: Second plague hits Central Atlantis.

1571: With the help of his French advisors, Inca ruler Sayri Tupaq manages to stabilize his rule in the center of the old empire.

1583: Second big plague in the reduced Inca empire.

1586: Third plague hits Central Atlantis. When the dust has settled, only 6 of 15 million Mesoatlanteans survive (and that's still better than OTL!)

1595: Chachapoyas in the forests of Peru pay allegiance to the Inca again.

1597: Axayacatl II of Mexico starts to expand the Mexica Empire after long time again.


History of science in the 16th century:

General state of the art:

Western Europe: Some progresses in mathematics, mining, cartography. The reconquests in Italy gave them more Islamic knowledge.

Islamic World: With the new microscope, blood cells are discovered. Astronomians discover the big Jupiter moons, sun spots and work out the elliptical nature of the solar system. Physicists discover diffraction of the light and calculate the light's velocity. They face one problem, however: Scientists are restricted to use pictures in their works. The printing press is known and used in conquered Italy, Austria and Hungary, but in the other Muslim lands, the mighty guilds of the calligraphs prevent its introduction.

India: Kerala school goes further on, discovers calculus and proves many mathematical theorems.

China: Statistics are developed further, being useful for administration (and gambling).

Read [post=710373]a bit more about how the Hong use statistics[/post]!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Summary of the 16th century:

Atlantis: All Western European countries take some Caribbean islands. The Quadruple monarchy expands greatly, but is restricted in the Occidental War by France, which allies with the Mexica and the Inca, who survive as empires, despite being struck hard by European diseases. The Mississippi and Hudson Bay area becomes part of the French sphere of influence.

Western und Northern Europe: In the Quadruple Monarchy, the king takes control over the church, founding the Occidental church with some new laws. The churches are reunificated however after the Occidental War, which also leads to the independence of Scotland-Ireland under the quasi-legendary Prince Alasdair, who later also becomes king of Scandinavia. Aragon divided between France and Castille.

Central Europe: HRE makes reforms, elects French kings Holy Roman Emperors. Florence expands, getting Rome, Naples, Sardinia. Hungary is resurrected by the French, who also conquer the Bohemian theocracy. Venice, Württemberg-Austria and Bavaria make the "Alliance des Alpes" with France.

Eastern Europe: The Russian states expand greatly, settling Siberia / Novorossiya and taking lands from the Seljuk north of the Black Sea. Vladimir-Suzdal defeats a Western European power, Sweden.

Muslim world: After initial successes (conquest of Vienna, the Marches, Kipchaks pay them tribute) the Seljuks are defeated several times by the Christians, losing many lands to the Europeans. They also get more and more trouble with the Dvoryans (OTL Cossacks) in the Ukraine.

East Asia: Hong empire stays dominant, although they clash repeatedly with Muslims (Arab pirates, Bengals, Philippine Muslims). Russians and Chinese make contact. Persia expands into India.

Rest of the world: Portuguese expand the slave trade to Congo. Scandinavians found a colony ("Australia") in South Africa.


And here's the map of Europe:
(yellow is Luxembourg-Tyrol, light pink are the Hohenzollern realms of Franconia-Pomerania, Mecklenburg belongs to Sweden, and the colored areas near the Asov Sea are the Dvoryan republics of Kipchakia and Polovtsia.)

 

[Constantinople]

Has the pope Returned to rome yet?

 

[Admiral Matt]

I thought the Marches in Italy went to the Quadruple Monarchy...

 

[Max Sinister]

Western / Northern Europe 1600-50

@Constantinople: No, the pope hasn't returned to Rome yet, fearing the Seljuks and being under the influence of the French king.

@Admiral Matt: The Duchy of the Marches has a status difficult to describe... de jure it's still under the pope, de facto it's a complete puppet state of the Quadruple (now Triple) Monarchy (although not a part of it). They have troops there, collect taxes, appoint officials... everything.

And now... Western / Northern Europe 1600-50 (fasten your seatbelts, it's gonna be a bumpy ride this time!):

1600: King Erich / Erik XVI becomes new king in Sweden. He makes many important reforms in the state, especially the army.

1606: King Henry of E-C-P manages to become accepted as new king of Ireland, after the death of king Alexander V of Scotland.

1607-11: First Nordic War. Sweden defeats Denmark-Norway, takes Göteborg, Trondheim and Narvik.

1619-25: King Francois IV, after becoming politically mature, has to cut down the power of the nobles at the court, finally succeeding and making France an absolutist state.

1620s: The formerly good relations between E-C-P and France cool down dangerously, which is also the fault of the two new monarchs, Henry VI and Francois respectively.

1628: Castillians and Portuguese start rebelling against king Henry, who proves unable to defeat them. (One of the moments was that his marriage with a Castillian duchess went awry, she told her relatives, they told their friends...).
King Kristian of Denmark dies without heirs, nobles decide to make duke Ernst V of Braunschweig-Lüneburg new king.
Scotland becomes an "estates republic", declaring they have the right for that, since there is no legitimate king anymore.

1628-34: Castillian Civil War. France supports uprisings in Valencia (Aragon south of Ebro river), Portugal.
Despite of all the chaos and the many factions, the new king Alfonso (former duke of Aliaga) manages to defeat all enemies, keep himself on the throne and also subdue the Aragonese rebels in Valencia. Morocco, however, stays independent, under the former duke of Monteleon.
Portugal declares its independence (also with French encouraging) under Miguel, former duke of Linhares. He even manages to acquite Olivenca from Spain.

1630: The army of the Cortes defeats English army landed at Santander.

1633: Uprisings against king Henry VI start. Begin of the English Civil War (ECW).

1634: King Henry is captured and banned to Atlantis (i.e. he's put onto a ship which captain was told he has a prisoner to be released in Atlantis.
Like the nobles used to joke, this was the worst imaginable punishment for the king, who banned that many religious dissenters there.) However, since the king had no heir, the nobles aren't in unison about what to do. They start to fight among each other; the common people dub the war, after the leaders of the most important groups, the Staffords and the Cliffords, "War of the 'fords".

1636-39: Castille tries to conquer Morocco back, unsuccessfully.

1638: Uprisings in Ireland start, English are driven back into the Pale.

1639: Maria, the princess of Spain and future queen (her father Alfonso XII has no son) marries the king of Morocco (not acknowledged by Spain), Francisco of Monteleón. While he brags at the beginning how he is going to "bend that weak woman", the contract she negotiates with him at the end gives her actually the possibility to co-govern in Morocco, while he has nothing to say in Spain or its colonies in Atlantis.

1641: Dublin has to capitulate to the Irish. Many English flee to England or Markland.

1642-45: "The Scottish interlude": Scotland tries to expand into Northern England, which makes the Staffords and the Cliffords actually stop their war against each other in 1643 until the Scots are finally driven out.

1647: The Duke of Stafford becomes new king Humphrey I of England, after defeating and killing his opponent, William of Clifford.

Read [post=713984]about a great author from the Chaos TL[/post]!


As a bonus: The kings of Western and Northern Europe, 1500-1650:

Kings of Scotland and Ireland:
Alasdair / Alexander IV 1528/47-88
Alasdair / Alexander V (*1536) 1588-1605
Christian 1605-28

Estates republic: 1628-

--

Kings of Great Britain:
Edward V (*1479) 1492-1547

Kings of England and Wales:
Edward V 1547-49 (+1554)
Edward VI (*1515) 1549-55
Henry IV (*1539) 1555-82
Henry V (*1572) 1582-1606

Kings of England and Ireland
Henry V 1606-20
Henry VI (*1600) 1620-34

Civil War 1634-47

Stafford dynasty:
Humphrey I (*1602) 1647-

--

Kings of France:
Charles VI (*1440) 1488-1506
Charles VII (*1474) 1506-10
Charles VIII (*1505) 1510-56
Charles IX (*1538) 1556-83
Francois I (*1544) 1583-86

Dynasty of Berry:
Francois II (*1539) 1586/87
Francois III (*1570) 1587-1605
Francois IV (*1601) 1605-

--

Kings of Castille (English kings):
Eduardo I 1497-1549
Eduardo II 1549-55
Enrique V 1555-82
Enrique VI 1582-1620
Enrique VII 1620-28

1628-34: Civil War

Aliaga dynasty:
Alfonso XII (*1587) 1628-

--

Kings of Portugal (English kings):
Duarte I 1497-1549
Duarte II 1549-55
Henrique II 1555-82
Henrique III 1582-1620
Henrique IV 1620-28

Linhares dynasty:
Miguel (*1590) 1628-42
Fernando II (*1617) 1642-

--

Kings of Aragon:
Ferran / Ferdinand III 1500-11
Joan / John IV 1511-34

Foreign Kings in Aragon:
Carles 1534-56
Francesc I 1556-86
Enric 1586-98
Francesc II 1598/99

End of state

--

Kings of Denmark:
Heinrich / Henrik V (*1464) 1486-1515
Heinrich / Henrik VI (*1495) 1515-41
Gerhard / Gert II (*1523) 1541

Civil War 1541-55

Bruce dynasty:
Alexander 1555-88
Christian the Old (*1545) 1588-1628

Welf dynasty:
Ernst 1628-34
Margarethe 1634-44
Christian II 1644-

--

Kings of Norway:
Scottish kings, Bruce dynasty:
David (Daibidh) V (*1466) 1490-1506

Nobles' republic 1506-23

Schauenburg dynasty:
Heinrich / Henrik 1523-41

Nobles' republic 1541-62

Bruce dynasty:
Alexander (*1503) 1562-88
Kristian 1588-1628

Welf dynasty:
Ernst 1628-34
Margarethe 1634-44
Kristian II 1644-

--

Kings of Sweden:
Erik XV Birgersson (*1464) 1494-1504 (+1515)

Bonde dynasty (regents):
Knut Karlsson (*1465) 1504-20

Schauenburg dynasty:
Heinrich / Henrik 1520-41

Interregnum 1541-44

Sture dynasty (regents):
Gustav I (*1502) 1544-52
Gustav II (*1532) 1552-62
Sten (*1536) 1562-67 (+1598)

Scottish Bruce dynasty:
Alexander 1567-88
Kristian 1588-95

Mecklenburger dynasty:
Albrecht / Albert (*1554) 1595-1600
Erich / Erik XVI (*1586) 1600-36
Erich / Erik XVII (*1615) 1636-

 

[Max Sinister]

Middle East 1600-50

Retcon first:
1575: The army topples and kills sultan Kay Qubadh V after having lost two wars, replacing him with his son Mas'ud IV.
In the same year, Muslim refugees from Naples (mostly merchants replaced by the Florentines, but some scientists too) arrive in Constantinople. The bring the printing press, which was used until then only in Seljuk Italy (and Austria, which was Seljuk only for a few deacdes anyway). The mighty guilds of the calligraphers protest.

1581: The sultan rules that the printing press may be used for government jobs only. This will lead in the long run to a better administration, higher literacy and wider spread science in the Seljuk empire.

1584: The young sultan makes treaties with Persia and Choresm, the other big Muslim powers, to be able to use his full power against the Europeans.

Middle East 1600-50:

1599-1604: England-Castille-Portugal and France fight the Seljuks together. In the peace of Naples, Seljuks have to give parts of South Italy (Pescara, Benevent) to Florence, the Ionian islands and Crete to Venice, the Sinai to France and core Hungary to Bourbon Hungary. All of Algeria and Tunisia are left to E-C-P.

1605: France starts building many ships in Suez, making it a big trade center, starts competing with Arabs for trade in the Indian Ocean.
Mas'ud IV is toppled by the army and replaced by his brother Süleyman VI.

1606-13: Russian-Kuman War. The Dvoryan republic of Polovtsia now covers all the lands between Don and Dnepr, except for Tauria (the bit between Crimea and last part of Dnepr). The Seljuks are unable to support their tributary.

1610s: Arab pirates start plundering coastal cities of Vijayanagar.

1623: Arab pirates defeated by a combined navy of Hindu and Hong. Maledives lost.

1629: France uses the opportunity to grab Algeria, where the Castillian rule isn't firm enough yet. In the following centuries, it becomes a source for slaves and a place of settlement for French and other Southern Europeans (coming from as far as Bavaria, Austria and Hungary).

1635-46: Second French-Seljuk War. In the peace of Györ, Bourbon Hungary acquires Croatia, Slavonia, Transsylvania and the Banat, Venice the Peloponnes, Florence the northern half of South Italy. The Italians grumble, however, because they think their share is too small.

1638: Grand Duke Piero III of Florence dies fighting the Seljuks.

1647: After the lost war, sultan Mas'ud V is toppled by the army too, replaced with his young son Kilij Arslan V.

Since 1650: Seperated from the rest of the Seljuk empire, the governors of Egypt start to aim for more independence.

After the fifth defeat in a row, Seljuk intellectuals (for lack of a better word) suggest a different policy - instead of trying to regain a foot in Europe, the Empire should try to build up a "Greater Seljuk Empire", including many areas in Persia and Choresm, like the empire of sultan Saladin.

Read [post=716094]about a remnant of the Seljuks in Europe[/post]!


Bonus: Seljuk Sultans 1350-1650
Kay Khusrau IV (in Rum) 1348-77
Kilij Arslan IV (in Konya) 1348-57
Kay Qubadh III 1377-90
Süleyman III 1390-1421
Mas'ud III 1421-39
Süleyman IV 1439-65
Kay Khusrau V 1465-75
Kay Qubadh IV 1475-96
Kay Khusrau VI 1496-1514

Süleyman V 1514-33
Kay Khusrau VII 1533-62
Kay Qubadh V 1562-75
Mas'ud IV 1575-1605
Süleyman VI 1605-12
Kay Khusrau VIII 1612-43
Mas'ud V 1643-47
Kilij Arslan V 1647-

 

[Max Sinister]

Atlantis 1600-50

1606: After many years of war, the Chichimecs (N Mexico) are completely conquered; their lands are divided between Castillians and Mexica.

1613/14: English-Polish War. Poland loses OTL Trinidad, Haraldsborg to England.

1614: University of Cuzco founded. Inca start to acquire European knowledge.

1619: Ahuitzotl II starts building a Mexican war fleet, to protect their trade against pirates.

1620-24: OTL Northern Peru and Ecuador reconquered by Inca empire.

1624: Incident in the Caribbean leads to E-C-P troops occupying the Florentine islands in the Caribbean (except Elba Nuova).

1628: When England-Castille-Portugal breaks apart in the Old World, most of the colonies declare their loyalty to Spain (former Castille, right). Only a few islands in the Caribbean and the northern colonies in OTL Canada and New England stay loyal to king Henry VI.

1629: In Atlantis, French-Spanish border is moved south, giving Virginia (OTL Georgia - named after the Virgin Mary) to France now.

1631: Sea battle of Jamaica. Castillians occupy English colonies in the Caribbean. England falls into financial crisis.

1632: France's ally Denmark-Braunschweig defeats the Dutch in Atlantis in the battle of Nieuw Brugge (OTL Easton, PA - later renamed Neubrück).

1633: University of Tenochtitlan founded.

1634: The former king Henry VI disappears in Atlantis, and in the following decades, many men will appear (in England, Atlantis and other places) claiming to be king Henry.

1637: Dissenter's revolt in New England. Braunschweig-Denmark, supported by France, uses the situation to expand there / take old lands back. Only Markland (Canadian Maritimes and OTL Quebec) can defend itself during this decades, ironically, thanks to its strong garrison. Denmark-Braunschweig gets Haraldsborg back, plus becomes protector of the Commonwealth of New England (the dissenters prefer "the papist German king in Europe to the papist English governor in Markland"). German immigration now also goes to New England, where many new settlements are founded. English loyalists emigrate to Markland.

1642: The colonies of Denmark-Braunschweig (Martinsburg, Waldstätten, Nieuw Nederlands, Haraldsborg and Anderland) are united under a common administration.

1645: In the castle of Fontainebleau, the first "Mexican garden" is made. Mexican gardens are influenced by the Aztec way of gardening / planting crops, putting many different colorful plants next to each other, forming geometrical patterns, with colors matching of course.

Since 1650: The settlements in the colonies of Denmark-Braunschweig and Florence, plus the New English Commonwealth, meanwhile have reached the official border to the French-claimed territory, which is still mostly settled by native Atlanteans.

Read [post=718404]more about the early Atlantean immigration[/post]!

 

[Stalker]

1388: Russian schism begins, when the metropolitan of Vladimir and the patriarch of Kiev excommunicate each other, driven by the Czar / Grand Prince of Vladimir respectively.

That's cool, Max! I especially loved this fragment.
I missed something of the history of Western Russ. What about Romanovichi dinasty and Daniel of Galich (Daniil Galitsky)? Are they, in your opinion, able to influence the events in Hungary, Poland, Lithuania? And who is going to devour the Galich Principality after all - Chernigov, Lithuania or reunited Poland? That may seriously tilt the balance in Eastern Europe.

Eastern Europe 1400-50:

1413-22: Vladimir-Suzdal wants to solve the Russian schism by war, but Kiev and Chernigov ally with Novgorod and Smolensk against it, and manage to win. Vladimir-Suzdal has to acknowledge the patriarch of Kiev as leader of the Orthodox church again. The schism is thus ended.

The only thing I can't swollow. Wnen the Metropolitans of Kiev were able to get the Patriarch's rank. The Eucumenical Patriarch of Constantinople would have never granted it unless is arrested in Russian lands as it was in OTL Moscovia of late 16th century. Could you, please, explain it to me?

1469-72: War between Vladimir and Novgorod. Novgorod loses the right to trade in the areas east of Volga and Kama - thus being cut off from Novorossiya now.

1470: Tobolsk at Tobol river founded.

As far as I understand, in this ATL, Novorossia is OTL Siberia?
Well, it's not as if I were trying to argument but note that Novorossia in OTL is the lands from Done to Dniester in Southern Ukraine that since the 18th century were usually called in such a way. Before that these desolate lands were called "Dikoye Pole" - "The Wild Land"

(I think I may expand TTL Russia's history retroactively later... there was not much to write about now, and information about early Russia is hard to find...)
Read [post=656665]a short discussion here...[/post]

Feel free to ask me. If there's something I don't know, I can always asl my colleagues in the Russian AH-forum.

The dvoryanstvo are more like knights/ cossacks than warriors, but anyway. This is a great detail, since it evolves quite naturally from the origin of the word at around the same time as the point of departure. Many kudos!

The dvoryanstvo is Russian nobility, aristocracy. From Russian noun "dvor" that means "court". Do not confuse with the word "a courtier" - that will be"pridvorny". Has nohing to do with Cossacks. Cossacks are freeholders, formed in wild lands of Don and Lower Dnieper from mainly peasants who fled Russian lands from oppressions and formed their mixed farming and military communities in those lands. Have a great deal of resembling features with ushkuiniki - these were also bound to banditism but also they considered themselves as guards of Russian lands from threat from the South and East as well as the carriers of Truly Faith. However, there is the way to call some of Cossacks the Knights/Champions in a way. For example, t Ukrainan Cossaks of Zaporizhzhya are often referred to in the historical works are often called the Champions of Ukraine...

1580s: The "parties" of Novorossiya start to take form - on the one hand, the "Westerners" who want to preserve ties to Vladimir-Suzdal and Russian traditions, OTOH the "Chunkwophiles" who want to introduce Chinese thoughts they find useful. Ironically, the former are strict defenders of the democratic rights (as in the vyetjes), while the latter have at least some sympathies for the imperial idea.

Do not quite understad the first stem in the word "Chunkwophiles". What is "Chunkwo"? In Russian China is pronounsed as "[ki'tai].
The People's council is better transliterated as vyeche - it's full analogue to Scandinavian ting.

1570: French trading with the Inca bring the potato from the Inca empire to Europe. At first, it's treated as a curiosity, or as medicine.

Quite recently, we discussed the role of potato introduced by Icelanders from Vinland (the Normandic reid to Peru in early 12th century) to North Europe to solve the feeding problem (the svinebraut of jordbraut as Swedes called it) to help Novgorod to get free from the Moscovian bread leash but after long discussion we came to idea that early introduction of potato will lead to nothing because THAT potato was bitter and its productivity was low. All the rest was the product of thorough selection.

 

[Max Sinister]

Eastern Europe 1600-50

@Stalker:

What I really could need would be a list of all the princes in the Russian lands in the year 1237, pre-battle of Kalka. I want to develop the genealogy too, but miss the resources... if you have them at hand, it would be great if you could PM them to me.

Thanks for your long comment. Here's my answer:

About the Metropolitan / Patriarch bit: Don't forget Constantinople was conquered by the Muslims earlier than OTL. Kiev replaces Constantinople in importance, a Kievan ruler marries a Byzantine princess, and so on.

Yes, Novorossiya is Siberia. And I'm aware that this was the name of a part of South Ukraine IOTL.

Chunkwo: A typo, should read "Chunkvo" Seriously, it comes from Zhongguo = China, transcripted into Russian.

Potato saving Novgorod? Good idea. Unfortunately, it comes too late ITTL too.

And here's even more about Russia and Eastern Europe, 1600-50:

1500: (Population at this time: Vladimir 9 million, Kiev-Chernigov 10.5 million, Novorossiya 0.8 million)

1550: (Population at this time: Vladimir 12 million, Kiev-Chernigov 13.5 million, Novorossiya 2.5 million)

(Population at this time: Vladimir 16 million, Kiev-Chernigov 18 million, Novorossiya 5 million)
Since 1600: Novorossiya undergoes an amazing modernization process, introducing many advances imported from China. Except for Chinese arts and science, the changes also concern the life of the common man, like drinking tea, gambling with cards instead of dice, wearing clothes with a more Chinese style

1602: Grand Prince Pyotr of Vladimir crowned first Czar of Vladimir-Suzdal.

1604: Polish king Ludwik feels angered by the new Czar, wants to get rid of the Russian threat, starts a preventive war against Vladimir-Suzdal.

1609: Sharukan (OTL Charkov), capital of the Kipchaks / Kumans / Polovtser conquered by Kiev-Chernigov.

1610: Polish army destroyed in the battle of Kostroma.

1612: Peace of Thurau. Poland has to cede the former princedom of Smolensk to Vladimir.

1613: Chinese school of Yeniseisk expands so that everything concerning China is teached: Their language, their technologies, their culture, their strategy, their philosophy, everything. Some of this knowledge will filter to Old Russia, together with republican ideas (see below!).

1617-32: Novorussian War of Independence. When Kiev-Chernigov supports them, Vladimir has to accept that they leave. The republic of Novorossiya is founded. Capital becomes Yeniseisk.
(Population at this time: Vladimir 20 million, Kiev-Chernigov 22 million, Novorossiya 7.5 million)

1629: Novorossiya builds the first Russian dry dock at the Pacific coast, with the help of Chinese artisans, paid by money earned with otter pelts sold to China.

1637: Novorossiyans found first settlement on Ezo (OTL Hokkaido).

1638: Novorossiya gives itself the first constitution.

1644: Novorossiya claims Alyeska.

1647: Novorossiyan republic makes a contract with the Hong empire to fight the people north of the Chinese Wall. The emperor sends them strategical, scientific and technical advisors.

[post=722246]More about the Novorussian constitution[/post]

 

[Tocomocho]

A map of Asia would be cool.

 

[Max Sinister]

Central Europe 1600-50

One thing first: I took the freedom to move the discussion about the republic of Novorossiya to [thread=41358]a seperate thread[/thread]. We'll move on with the TL, and I don't want things to become too confusing.

And heeeeere's Central Europe 1600-50:

~1600: 100 years after the 20yr War, the German population has completely recovered and even grown further. The German nobles repeatedly raised taxes, which the peasants in Saxony, Thuringia, Franconia and Swabia can't pay anymore, because in these areas, the peasants divide their lands among all kids - so their plots become smaller and smaller. The revolters demand a "jubilee" (when all debts are to be cancelled), no lord except emperor, pope and God, liberation of the serfs, election of the clerics by the people, peace among Christians, restitution of their old rights and lower taxes. The uprisings are mixed with religious movements (which are, sadly, often antisemitic). Except for the Swiss confederation, the uprisings are defeated everywhere. Those who can, try their luck elsewhere - some going even to Atlantis.

1607: University of Gran (old capital of Hungary) re-founded.

1612: After the death of king Eduard I of the Netherlands, his younger sons receive small shares too (Namur and Friesland). Namur secedes soon and is subsequently swallowed by France.

1615: After the lost war against Vladimir-Suzdal, Poland elects mighty king Henry V of England new king.

1616-19: "Island uprising" in Corsica and Sardinia after trying to reform the administration too fast (after French example). Florence proves unable to overwhelm them again, but gets the promise from France that they won't try to conquer them.

1627-32: Second Swiss-Savoy war. At the beginning the Swiss are in advantage, but later the rebellion in England-Castille-Portugal (E-C-P) gives France the opportunity to strike against the Swiss. In the peace of Turin, the Swiss have to give the French-speaking area around Geneva, some fortresses in Alsace and at the Rhine (like Kehl) to France, and Savoy joins the Alliance des Alpes, becoming a French satellite.

1628: Florence, still grumbling, bribes the Portuguese commander of the fortress Ceuta, so he gives them the city, which they keep, to protect their connection to Atlantis.

1629: The disgraced commander of the Mediterranean fleet, a duke Francisco of Alvarez, goes to Sicily, together with the occupation forces fled from the Marches and Algeria, sets up the (unrecognized) kingdom of Sicily (incl. Tunis, Malta, the Baleares). Threatened by the Seljuks, he makes an alliance with France.

1630-35: France and Denmark-Braunschweig fight the Netherlands in the Anti-Dutch war. In the peace of Bremen, the Dutch choose to keep their Caribbean colonies, give Denmark-Braunschweig Nieuw Nederlands. France gets a good part of Flanders and all of Hennegau / Hainaut. As the Dutch say, now their Silver Age has also ended.

1631: Florentines finally part with E-C-P, since the Florentines want to annex the Duchy of the Marches. They make a compromise with France: While the former Papal state is still nominally under the pope, Florence will "administrate" it for him. This is also seen as a compensation for the pope staying in Avignon, while many Italians still wish for his return to Rome. In addition, Florence has to allow France's ally Venice to annex the more valuable North: Bologna, Ferrara and Ravenna.

1634: Spain and Sicily make a contract: Spain acknowledges the independence of Sicily (not however, the fact that Sicily is a kingdom), get the Baleares back.
King, duke and elector Ernst V of Denmark-Braunschweig dies without a son, makes his daughter Margarethe new queen.

1637: Poland joins the HREGN, to be better protected against the Russians, and even gets one electoral vote. Its German neighbors secretly claim that this is for keeping them in check.

1638: Reforms in the Netherlands after the lost war give more power to the parliament, which is democratically elected by all adult men who own a house above a certain value.

1639: Sicily conquers Corsica and Sardinia with their fleet. France and Castille are preoccupied and can't interfere.
Princess Mary of Spain's plan to marry her sister Isabella to "the other Francisco", king of Sicily, fails.

1640: Queen Kristina of Sweden, Northern Norway and Mecklenburg founds the Baltic alliance with Prussia, Brandenburg-Silesia and Franconia-Pomerania against Polish or Russian threats.

1642: Government of the "Twin princes" Francois / Ferenc III (also king of Poland) and Charles / Károly IV begins. Introducing enlightened absolutism, they practice religious tolerance, thus stabilizing the until then very shaky Hungary (having Catholics in Hungary and Slovakia, Orthodox in Transsylvania and Bohemian brothers in, well, Bohemia, made governing the state extremely difficult). Even the Jews and Muslims in the country profit from the new tolerance.

Read [post=724945]more about the Twin princes[/post]!


And in addition: The kings of central Europe 1500-1650!

Holy Roman kings and emperors:
Karl V of Luxemburg 1495-1511
Franz I of Berry/France 1511-35 (emperor since 1514)
Karl VI of France (*1505) 1535-56 (emperor since 1537)
Karl VII 1556-83 (emperor since 1559)
Franz II 1583-86 (emperor in 1586)
Alexander of Scotland 1586-88
Eduard of Geldern 1588-1612 (emperor-elect)
Waldemar "Cicero" of Brandenburg 1612-48 (emperor-elect)
Karl VIII of Bourbon/Hungary 1648- (emperor since 1652)

--

Kings of the Netherlands:
Wassenberg dynasty of Geldern
Reinald III the Old (*1469) 1492-1559
Otto (*1510) 1559-66
Reinald IV (*1540) 1566-68 (+1625)
Eduard I (*1547) 1568-1612
Eduard II (*1574) 1612-

--

Kings of Poland:
Wladyslaw VIII (*1454) 1463-1505
Boleslaw VII (*1486) 1505-42
Boleslaw VIII (*1514) 1542-84

Elected monarchs:
Alexander / Aleksander of Scotland 1584-88
Louis / Ludwik of Hungary/Bourbon 1588-1615
Henry / Henryk V of England 1615-20
Erich / Eryk of Sweden 1620-36
Francois / Franciszek of Hungary/Bourbon 1636-42

Stanislaw of Opaliński 1642-

--

Kings of Hungary:
Wittelsbach dynasty:
Ludwig / Lajos V (*1479) 1492-1502

Seljuk occupation, end of state

Bourbon dynasty:
Francois / Ferenc I (*1531) 1574-1615
Francois / Ferenc "the impotent" II (*1559) 1615-42
Francois / Ferenc III (*1592) 1642-47
Charles / Károly IV (*1592) 1647-

--

Kings of Bohemia:
Elective kings:
Georgy II 1500-06
Jan III the Old / the Good (*1465) 1506-1555
Georgy III (*1506) 1555-61
Jan IV (*1535) 1561-87 (+1616)

Conquest by Hungary, end of state

--

Dukes of Carinthia, Styria, Austria and Silesia:
Heinrich III (*1422) 1459-1502
Ottokar III (*1457) 1502-11

End of state, division between Württemberg and Brandenburg

--

Lords of Florence:

Medici family / dynasty:
Dukes of Florence:
Giovanni I (*1455) 1479-1501
Piero II (*1483) 1501-23
Lorenzo I (*1490) 1523-65
Lorenzo II (*1545) 1565-75

Grand Dukes of Florence:
Lorenzo II 1575-90
Giovanni II (*1551) 1590-1630
Piero III (*1588) 1630-38
Giovanni III (*1624) 1638-

--

Kings of Sicily:
Álvarez dynasty
Francisco I (*1569) 1628-41
José (*1606) 1641-

 

[Max Sinister]

East Asia 1600-50

Retcons first:
1422 (3119, Yang Water Tiger): Chiang Mai (Northern Thailand) pays tribute to Hong.

1458: Thai kingdom Chiang Mai annexes Nan (later than OTL).

1566 (3263, Yang Fire Tiger): Earthquake of Shaanxi, killing almost a million people.

1586: Volcano Kelut on Java erupts, killing ~10,000 people.


East Asia 1600-50:

Since ~1600: Koreans start piracy against the Japanese traders.
In the SE Asian states, who are kept in peace with each other by Hong troops and diplomacy, old tensions start to flare up occasionally.

1604 (3301, Yang Wood Dragon): Vijayanagar allies with China against Arabs, Persians, Deccan sultanate.

1611 (3308, Yin Metal Pig): One high official of the Hong killed on Sulu. The emperor orders a harsh punishment of the rebels. This leads to prolonged anti-Chinese uprising among the Muslims there.

1612: Traders from the sultanate of Brunei discover OTL Australia, aren't interested either.

1617 (3314, Yin Fire Snake): Novorossiya pays a symbolic tribute to the Hong emperor, is acknowledged by China.

1620s: Uprisings of the native Atayal and Bunun tribes on Tungning (Taiwan) against Hong rule.

1620: First French ship (coming from Suez) arrives in India. The Seljuk presence in the Indian Ocean makes things too dangerous for trade yet.

1626: Scandinavians from Australia (OTL South Africa!) reach India.

1630s: Swedes visit and learn about the various kingdoms in SE Asia and the Indies.

1631 (3328, Yin Metal Sheep): Thai king protests against the Hong trying to influence internal politics in Ayutthaya.

1638 (3335, Yang Earth Tiger): Pegu (Southern Burma) ruler starts an intrigue at the Hong court against Ayutthaya, gaining the emperor's favor. Pegu annexes a border province some years later.

1642 (3339, Yang Water Horse): Japanese clash with Russians on Ezo (Hokkaido).
Great flood in Kaifeng, Henan Province results in more than 300,000 casualties.

1648: French traders arrive in Vijayanagar, find out to their surprise that the Swedes were there before them.

1649 (3346, Yin Earth Ox): Swedish traders arrive in Canton.

Read about [post=735427]the palace of the Hong emperor[/post]!

 

[Max Sinister]

Rest of the world, 17th century

This time with lots of retcons (OK, most of the stuff is same as OTL) for Africa.

(OOC: We've probably never had that much about Africa in a TL without either Draka or Lettow-Vorbeck, esp. not about pre-European Africa. Michael Edward Johnson should be proud about me )

~1200: Jolof (in OTL Senegal) settled as small kingdom.

Early 13th century: Ilé-Ife (OTL SW Nigeria) reaches its peak.

14th century: Islam introduced in Darfur by the Tunjur.
Bantu-speaking Ovambo and Herero migrate from the north to OTL Namibia.
Mogadishu comes to prominence as a trade city.

~1350: Jolof begins dominating neighboring states such as Waalo. Start of the reign of N'Dyadya N'Dyaye.

1390: Kingdom of Kaffa founded in W Ethiopia.

End of 14th century: Ilé-If? (OTL SW Nigeria) declines, to be replaced by Oyo and Benin.

~1400: King Oranyan rules in Oyo.

1480s: Kingdom of Baguirmi (OTL Chad) founded.

15th century: Mossi state founded in OTL Burkina Faso.
Nupe immigrate from the Nile (it's claimed) to OTL Central Nigeria.
Kano (Nigeria) has erected the first Central Mosque.

Late 15th century: Kingdom of Baguirmi adopts Islam. Short time after, it's conquered by Kanem-Bornu.
Islam made state religion in sultanate of Sinnar/Sennar (earlier than OTL).
Mandara Kingdom founded (Tradition states: by a female ruler named Soukda and a non-Mandarawa hunter named Gaya) in OTL Cameroon.
Maravi Empire founded by the Amaravi people (in OTL Malawi).

~1500: Arab traders bring Islam to the Comoros.
At this time or earlier, Luba people start to form a state (in OTL South Congo).
Jolof at height of power.

16th century: Ouaddai Kingdom (west of Darfur) emerges.
Kingdom of Kaffa (near Ethiopia) makes Christianity state religion.
Burundian state emerges.
First records of the kingdom of Ndongo (OTL N Angola).

~1585: Luba kingdom starts to expand, securing control of copper mines.

Late 16th century: Yoruba state of Oyo becomes mightier, thanks to its cavalry.
Islam made state religion in Darfur (earlier than OTL).


Rest of the world, 17th century:

Since 1600: Kingdom of Kongo starts to introduce western ideas.

1605: King Henry V of E-C-P wants to find the way to China and India by going west. He has four ships starting from the Atlantean west coast. However, the journeys are struck by bad luck: The first one is hit by a hurricane and starves somewhere in the North Pacific, the second one lands on the island of Tahiti, where the crew mutinies and simply stays there, the third one lands on OTL New Guinea, where they're killed and eaten by the local cannibals, and the fourth one crosses the Pacific and lands in Japan, where they are defeated by Japanese armed with guns and imprisoned (possibly the Japanese-Russian competition was a reason for that - who in Japan can tell Europeans apart?).

1607: Songhay, having enforced its army with Moroccan gunpowder weapons, attacks the Fula people in Senegal. Their typical cavalry is added to the Songhay army.

1612: French merchants from Suez arrive in Ethiopia, start diplomatic connections. France takes Djibouti to secure the way to India.

1615/16: "Australian War": Sweden defeats the Dutch, takes back the mostly Scandinavian-settled colony Australia (South Africa).

Since ~1620: Portuguese slave traders in Guinea are the first time scolded by the Songhay officials for selling them sub-quality firearms. Prices for African slaves and other wares from Songhay rise.

1626: Jolof conquered by Songhay, which now extends to the coast.

1634-54: Char Bouba war - with French support, Berbers in OTL Mauretania defeat the Arabs.

1630s: French traders are allowed to trade in the Portuguese colonies in Africa, after Portugal becomes independent with French help. France also helps Portugal to oust some nations in West Africa which they don't like (England, Spain, Netherlands).

1644: Swedes discover the west coast of Australia, but aren't interested in that continent either.

Since 1650: Persian sultanate takes control of East African coast.

1651-58: Kanem-Bornu conquered by Songhay empire.

1670s: Songhay subjugates the Mossi. Now they reign all of West Africa between Sahara desert and the jungle (which is unsuited for cavalry).

1690s: Portuguese "ship-states" at the coast of Guinea emerge. Since the area is still unsuited for large-scale European settlement, they simply stay on the ships, living in symbiosis with the local kingdoms. Since this time, the Mulatto population of West Africa starts to rise significantly.

17th century: Oyo kingdom becomes the mightiest Yoruba state.

Edit: Here's a map. Borders don't make much sense, so I just showed the Songhay Empire (green is its OTL maximum expansion, yellow+green as it is ITTL 1700) and marked other countries by letters.

Codes for the other countries:

J in Senegal = Jolof
M in Burkina Faso = Mossi
O in Nigeria = Oyo
I in Nigeria = Ilé-Ifè
N in Nigeria = Nupe
K in Niger = Kanem-Bornu
B in Chad = Baguirmi
W in Chad = Wadai / Ouaddai
M in Cameroon = Mandara
D in Sudan = Darfur (that was easy)
S in Sudan = Seddar / Siddar
K in Ethiopia = Kaffa
K in Congo = Kongo (what else)
N in Angola = Ndongo
L in S Congo = Lunda
L in E Congo = Luba
M in Malawi = Maravi

 

[Stalker]

Well, Stanislaw Wiśniowiecki can hardly be a king of Poland here.He derives from the Lithuanian Gedeminovicz dinasty, one of its branches that goes from Ogerd Korybut. You see, either this can stays in Great Duchy of Lithuania, or is within lands of Kiev-Chernigov, because their lands were in Kanev and Cherkassy as well as in the west of Russ-Ukraine - in Przemyszl. One of his predecessors, Baida Vishnevetsky (here I give transiteration from cyrilics because it hardy may have lating writing here) is considered a founder of Cossack Sich (Sjecz) in Zaporizhzhya. The Zaporozhets eveal caled themselves baidaks. His father, Jeremiah (Yarema) was one of the most consistent oppressors of Ukraine though being a Russin himself, he defected his parents' Orthodox faith and became a Catholic. So, proceeding from above, let me say that appearance of Stanisav as the king of Poland may be somewhat doubtful.

 

[Max Sinister]

World, 1650-75

Yes, surprise: The old TL structure (continent by continent, 50 years each) is no more, instead I'll post events happening all over the world now - since the continents are coming closer together, there's no sense in seperating them.

@Stalker: You're right - I replaced him by an Opaliński.

The World, 1650-75:

East Asia:
Since ~1650: Following the French, Swedish and Russian engagement in China and India, thanks to the cultural influences many new ideas are born in Europe.

1651: Thai break away from Chinese influence. Hong emperor sends troops down, but now is forced to fight an unwinnable guerilla war.

1661: Hong troops are retreated from Thailand, for the high costs.

1662: After an attack on a Chinese treasure fleet in Indonesia (by Johor pirates), China starts to avoid this area.

1664: French traders reach Canton.

1668: Khmer ruler demands that his country gets overlordship over Champa (S Vietnam) and Thai lands.

2nd half of 17th century: Hong empire starts to relocate troops south, since the Russians take more and more care of their northern border. However, many rulers in SE Asia wish for more independence - and are even schooled how to do now, thanks to the spreading of Chinese culture and strategy.


Russian lands:
1651: Novorossiya starts to attack the Mongols, conquers Karakorum in 1655.

1657: South Russians (Kiev-Chernigov) found the Dvoryan republic of Kumania (between Dnepr and southern Bug - OTL West Ukraine).

1659: Novorossiya makes an expedition to SE Asia, seeing the lands they learned already about from the Chinese for the first time.

1663-66: Novorossiya defeats and annexes the Tunguses.

1668: Novorussian expedition reaches India.

1672: A Novorussian ship meets the French at Djibouti; French forbid them to sail into the Red Sea and up to Egypt.


Atlantis:
1652: Novorussians take Vancouver island.

1652-56: After having accepted the loyalty of Markland, king Humphrey plans to regain England's old colony in North Atlantis. However, the states of Denmark-Braunschweig and Florence ally against him in the "Atlantean Coalition" and surprisingly defeat the English fleet. New England stays a Danish-German protectorate.

1655: Border between Spanish colonies and Inca empire in OTL Columbia ruled by official treaty.

1659: England founds Stafford City at the site of OTL Recife, (re-)starting the colonization of Braseal and Argentine.

1662: English (re)found the city of Fort Humphrey at the site of OTL Buenos Aires.

1669: At OTL San Francisco Bay, Novorussians clash with Spain.

1670s: Italian settlers trying to cross the Applachians are defeated by Atlanteans allied with the French.

1671: Protectorate of New England split up into three countries: One containing the Boston-RI area, one with upper Massachusetts, Connecticut and the south of NH and VT, and one with most of VT and NH, south of Maine.

1675: City of Paradise founded by English at the site of OTL Rio de Janeiro.


Muslim World:
1652-57: Second Russian-Kuman War. Now the Seljuk tributaries around the Black Sea are reduced to Crimea, Tauria (area just above Crimea) and Georgia.

1660-67: Florence and Venice wage war against Seljuks, despite that France doesn't fight with them, but they expect that the Seljuks are beaten after their defeat by Russia. They're defeated, lose their conquests from the peace of Györ. The humbled Florence even needed Sicilian help to evacuate their troops from Greece.

1662: Seljuks and Choresm make an alliance, directed against Shiite Persia, Russians.

1668-74: Third French-Seljuk War. South Russians join them. In the peace of Belgrad, Venice receives the Aegaean islands, Hungary gets Serbia and Bosnia, South Russia Bessarabia and Tauria. France takes Palestine with Jerusalem, which angers many Muslims.

1670-73: Border war between Persia and Vijayanagar, quite indecisive. Since Hong China can't help much, both states start to look for an alliance with European powers.


Central Europe:
1653: Reichsdeputationshauptbeschluss: All the free cities and other smaller territories of the HREGN are mediatized (given to bigger states). France itself receives some lands too - the Grafschaften (counties) of Mömpelgard, Salm, Saarwerden-Saarbrücken, Veldenz and Sponheim, now extending into German-speaking territory.
The north-eastern German states start to grumble, especially since France doesn't care to help them against the Russian threat (and also, because there are barely any lands left in NE Germany to be annexed).

1660-64: Luxembourgian War of Succession: France and its allies Venice, Bavaria, Switzerland and Nassau make claims for Luxembourgian territories, although they're highly doubtful.
But with the absolutist Francois IV as French king, things like this don't matter. Although Luxembourg has (most of) the HRE on its side, they're defeated.
Vorarlberg becomes a Swiss canton, South Tyrol goes to Venice, the rest of Tyrol to Bavaria; Nassau gets a part of Luxembourg proper, the rest (including Lorraine) becomes French.
The rightful heir, Charles X (VII in Tyrol) only receives Brabant-Limburg. "The old sting in France's side", as Francois IV says, is now removed.

1667: Florence makes a dynastical marriage with Sicily, between king Francisco II and the only surviving child of grand duke Lorenzo III, Condolcessa. (Even besides the political consequences, the marriage is considered a scandal - there are rumors that Condolcessa was the mistress of both her father and her uncle, late grand duke Giovanni III.)

~1670: Style of Victorianisme at its height.


Western Europe:
1655: Wales becomes an integral part of England. Welsh language is suppressed. (This happens about one century later than OTL, since the English kings were preoccupied with the rest of their empire. Now, under the Staffords, they care more about the islands.)

1662: England reconquers the Pale in Ireland.

1665: Queen Maria of Spain appoints her younger, but more competent son Héctor successor, sends her older son Francisco as governor to Morocco.

1669: Queen Kristina of Sweden marries Eduard of Wassenberg of the royal Dutch family. This leads to a Dutch-Swedish alliance.

Stories:
[post=737954]An essay about king Francois IV and his reign[/post]
[post=740478]Excerpt from one chapter of "South-Eastern Asia - the chessboard of the powers"[/post]
[post=891504]The transformation of Russia's economy[/post]

 

[Iñaki]

As I say in very previous post (it surely would be in may or june) good timeline Max

 

[Max Sinister]

World 1675-1700

Retcon first:
1651: Thai break away from Chinese influence. Hong emperor sends troops down, but now is forced to fight an unwinnable guerilla war.

1661: Hong troops are retreated from Thailand, for the high costs.

1662: After an attack on a Chinese treasure fleet in Indonesia (by Johor pirates), China starts to avoid this area.

1668: Khmer ruler demands that his country gets overlordship over Champa (S Vietnam) and Thai lands.

1670-73: Border war between Persia and Vijayanagar, quite indecisive. Since Hong China can't help much, both states start to look for an alliance with European powers.


Fasten your seat belts, it's going to be a bumpy ride again - here's the World 1675-1700:

Western Europe:
1676: In France, the first world map that includes (more or less) exact coastlines for all Old World continents (except the polar areas) and Atlantis is published.

1682-94: Anti-French War. Spain, England, Sicily, Netherlands, the Baltic League (Sweden, several German states) unite against France and its allies Hungary, Poland, Württemberg-Österreich, Nassau, Savoy, Venice, Denmark-Braunschweig, Scotland and Portugal. Many areas in northern, western and southern Germany devastated, as are in Poland.

1682, October: Sea battle of Bornholm. Sweden defeats the Danish Baltic fleet, can link up with their allies in the South.

1683, June: Battle of Groningen. A thrust from Nassau is defeated by the Dutch and English.

1683, October: Battle of Valladolid. Portuguese have to retreat.

1684, June: Battle of Ypres. Dutch-Brabant army defeated, has to retreat behind the Rhine. King Francois declares all their lands south of the Rhine to be part of France.

1684, July: Battle of the Lowlands. Glasgow and Edinburgh besieged by English.

1684, September: Battle of Bergen. Sweden links up with England.

1685, May: Battle of Zaragoza. Spanish cross the Ebro, occupy most of Catalonia, although the French still hold Navarre and Barcelona.

1686, May: Battle of Orkney. Danish and Scottish fleet defeated, Scottish islands occupied.

1690, April: Sea battle of Ibiza. United Spanish-Italian fleet defeats French-Savoy fleet.

1692, April: Danish army defeated at Güstrow, Mecklenburg, can't help the French.

1692, August: Battle of Lublin. The king's troops defeated by the rebels.

1692, September: Battle of Pinne. Baltic League defeats Polish loyalists and Hungarians.

1693: Earthquake of Sicily. The old royal palace is also destroyed, helping king Francisco / Francesco I to move the court to Rome.
King Humphrey II of England dies surprisingly. The new English king is only ten years old. In France, advisors tell the new king Francois VI that he should continue the war, since the tide could turn again. (It won't.)

1693, March: Battle of Roussilon. Spanish troops cross the Pyrenees, invade French territory.

1694, January: Battle of Coimbra. English-Spanish troops occupy the city, panic strikes Portugal.

1695: After the death of the pope in Avignon, a new council is started in Cork to reconciliate the church.


Central Europe:
1676-79: With French help, Nassau defeats the Gottesfreistaat Münster, annexes it. Many Münsteraner flee to Atlantis. Denmark-Braunschweig is angered somewhat because France promised them earlier to get all of Münster.

1680: Heinrich IV of Brandenburg dies. His son is unable to govern, which he is aware of. So he decides that Brandenburg-Silesia shall be governed by a collegium of the other members of the Baltic League (Kristina of Sweden, Johann IX of Hohenzollern and Balthasar II of Prussia) until there's a capable heir to take over.

1681: Johann IX of Hohenzollern (of Franconia-Pomerania) dies without heirs too. New French king Francois V declares the collegial government over Brandenburg-Silesia and Franconia-Pomerania for illegal.
France annexes the Margravate of Baden, against all the rules, laws and traditions. Even France's allies in Germany aren't willing to take these excesses anymore.

1682: The (several times postponed) election for HREmperor. (Several candidates, like crown prince Humphrey of England and king Humphrey I himself, died at an inconvenient time, and the anti-French groups had to look for new candidates, since queen Kristina of Sweden isn't electable.) Finally, after a turbulent election, king Francisco of Sicily is elected emperor Franz IV by Brandenburg, Prussia, Saxony, Jülich-Berg, the Netherlands, Palatinate (until then controlled by France), while Francois V ("the other Franz", as the Germans call him) is elected by Poland, Württemberg-Austria, Nassau, Braunschweig and Luxembourg. Francois V doesn't want to accept the result of the election, which was admittedly quite unclear (are the votes of French-occupied Luxembourg and collegially governed Brandenburg valid?).

1683, February: Battle of Ansbach. Franconian army has to retreat.

1683, April: Battle of Thorn. Baltic League battles Poles for a draw.

1684: France allies with the relatives of the duke of Brandenburg to claim the throne of said country against Sweden and Prussia.

1685: Elector Magnus of Saxony-Wittenberg-Lauenburg dies. Theoretically, his lands would go to his Ascanian relatives in Brandenburg, but as was said, the status of Brandenburg is difficult - besides, the Ascanians would get two electoral votes with that. This causes some clashes between the anti-French German states.

1685, April: Battle of Jülich. French army defeated, has to retreat from Northern Rhineland.

1685, September: Battle of Coburg. German troops drive the French-Württembergian armies back.

1686: Uprisings in Württemberg against unpopular duke Karl II begin. The brothers Eberhard and Ludwig (also of his family, the Eberhardiner!) leave his state and go to Hesse, to fight against him and France.

1686, February: Battle of Schlitz. France's allies in Germany (Nassau, Braunschweig, Württemberg) prevented from unificating; link up of Baltic League with Dutch, Brabant.

1687, Fall: Bohemian army of Hungary plunders margravate of Meissen.

1688: Sicily and Florence unite, form the Italian kingdom. France doesn't want to acknowledge it as a kingdom, since Sicily wasn't acknowledged either and Florence is still a grand duchy. Florence/Italy enters the war on the coalition's side, invades Venice, Savoy.

1688, October: Battle of Mantua. Armies of Savoy and Venice defeated, driven back.

1689, September: Battle of Göppingen. Troops of duke Karl II defeated, Württemberg occupied. Brothers Eberhard and Ludwig declared rightful rulers.

1690: Italian cardinals elect a new pope in Rome, declare him to be the legitimate pope. France's other opponents also accept him as pope.
Baltic league installs a Polish anti-king, which throws Poland into Civil War and takes a lot of pressure from the Baltic League.

1690, August: Battle of Oppeln. Hungarian army marches into Silesia.

1691, July: Battle of Magdeburg. French-Braunschweiger army crosses the Elbe. This threat leads to the Baltic league rallying against the invaders, finally turning the table.

1693, July: Battle of Brünn. Last Austrian army defeated. Karl II of Württemberg-Austria goes to exile in Hungary.

1694, March: Siege of Bratislava broken - a last victory for the Bourbons.

1694: Peace of Amsterdam. France has to give up its allies: Denmark's Norway becomes Swedish (although Braunschweig may keep Schleswig and Holstein), Portugal Spanish, Scotland English. In Atlantis, Caroline and eastern New France (OTL Hispaniola) become Spanish, Quebec (OTL Ontario) English, Louisiana north of the Arkansas is divided between Italy (the South) and Denmark-Braunschweig (the North). Prince-Haralds-Land (OTL Newfoundland) is ceded by the latter to England. The Pyrenees become the new French-Spanish border. Luxembourg-Lorraine is given back to Charles XI of Brabant-Limburg. Baden is restored. Switzerland receives the lands lost too, but has to promise neutrality. Milan, Ravenna and Genoa become Italian, to drive a wedge between Savoy and Venice. Flanders, Hennegau / Hainaut become Dutch again. Karl II of Württemberg-Austria deposed, Eberhard X (his father is counted as Eberhard IX, although he never officially reigned) becomes new grand duke, together with his brother Ludwig V. The Alliance des Alpes is dissolved. The Mexican Empire becomes a Spanish colony.

1694: The situation in Franconia-Pomerania is solved when a passable heir (Friedrich von Hohenzollern, who becomes Friedrich IX) is found in Atlantis. Franconia-Pomerania becomes a new electorate instead of Saxony-Wittenberg-Lauenburg, which is united with Brandenburg-Silesia.


Atlantis:
1677-82: Inca defeat Aymara, reconquer the former South of their empire, stretching to Chile / Argentine now.

1687, November: Battle of Kingsburgh (OTL Montreal). French-Atlantean troops have to cease the siege and retreat to French Quebec (OTL Ontario).

1688, March: Battle of Metztitlan. Spaniards thrust deep into Mexico, link up with anti-government groups.

1689, November: Battle of Martinsburg. Danish fleet destroyed by English and Italians.

1692: "The wild ride": Friedrich von Hohenzollern, a German in the service of the governor of Italia Nuova, fights his way through the French colony of Caroline with his cavalry troops, finally linking up with the Spaniards in Florida.

1694: Mexico becomes a Spanish colony; the last Tenochca ruler Acamapichtli II has to go to exile in France.


East Asia:
1680s: Choresmians make incursions in Chinese territory.

1689-94: Javan War between Majapahit, Johor and several smaller kingdoms. The pax Sinica in this part of the world is over.

1695: Japanese claim Ezo / Hokkaido back. Novorossiya protests. The Hong emperor (theoretically still overlord of both countries) rules that the Russians rightfully own Ezo, which the Japanese won't tolerate.

1699: Japanese pirates attack Novorussian ships.


Russian lands:
1678-84: Novorossiya conquers the Jurchen / Nuzhen.

1685-87: Novorossiya sends the first expedition coming from the East to Europe, going around Africa to reach old Novgorod.

1686: Vladimir-Suzdal enters the anti-French War, although fighting only against Poland.

1690: In the peace of Minsk, Poland cedes the former Prussian province Wolhynien (the old Russian princedoms Turov-Pinsk and parts of Halicz-Volhyn) to Vladimir, which leaves the war.

1691/92: After an uprising of the until then pro-Hong Merkites, they're conquered by Novorossiya too.

1693: Vladimir-Suzdal has to cede the northern lands between Ural and Kama to Novorossiya, as repayment of their war debts, being unable to pay them back.

1700: (Population of Russia at this time: Vladimir 27 million, Kiev-Chernigov 32 million, Novorossiya 18 million - including 4 million non-Russians)


Muslim World:
1683: Seljuks enter the anti-French War, for the first time as allies of Christian powers.

1687, August: Siege of Jerusalem ends with the French capitulation.

1694: Seljuks get Sinai, Palestine and Aden back from France.

1700: France makes an alliance with Persia, against Seljuks and Vijayanagar.


Stories:
[post=746678]About Frederick of Atlantis[/post]
[post=747424]"Christnacht" - a story about a story[/post]
[post=750203]A small ad for a game[/post]

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Here's the map of Europe before / after the peace of Amsterdam. Also note areas with another borderline (east of Poland, S Italy): They have changed hands.

 

[Stalker]

1657: South Russians (Kiev-Chernigov) found the Dvoryan republic of Kumania (between Dnepr and southern Bug - OTL West Ukraine).

Sounds strange to me, Max: in English it may be Republic of nobles of Kumania...
Dvoryans are nobles, aristocracy...or I missed something?