Eastern Thrace is the area of existing European Turkey, including Erdine and Istanbul thats ambitious. I would have thought Western Thrace more likely.
Why the Chinese play cricket (an Imperial Federation timeline)
- Thread starter Miss Construction
- Start date
I hadn't realised how important the War of the Pacific will prove to be in the TL. Keep finding these little bits where seemingly unconnected events interact in weird ways. I'm afraid it may take me a little time to get the next chapter out.
March 1879: Disputes over the Atacama desert between Bolivia, Chile and Peru explode into war when Bolivia and Peru ally to gain control of this resource rich region, beginning the War of the Pacific. Both sides recognise the importance of control of the sea to allow supply in the desolate Atacama Desert and the early stages of the war will be primarily naval in nature.
November 1879: Chlilean forces under General Erasmo Escala launch an opposed amphibious assault on the Peruvian port of Pisagua. The attack is successful, giving Chile a vital port to support its operations and launch a land campaign in the arid interior. Though widely ignored by European powers, the assault will be the beginning of a new era in amphibious warfare.
=McUpdate=
March 1879: Disputes over the Atacama desert between Bolivia, Chile and Peru explode into war when Bolivia and Peru ally to gain control of this resource rich region, beginning the War of the Pacific. Both sides recognise the importance of control of the sea to allow supply in the desolate Atacama Desert and the early stages of the war will be primarily naval in nature.
November 1879: Chlilean forces under General Erasmo Escala launch an opposed amphibious assault on the Peruvian port of Pisagua. The attack is successful, giving Chile a vital port to support its operations and launch a land campaign in the arid interior. Though widely ignored by European powers, the assault will be the beginning of a new era in amphibious warfare.
=McUpdate=
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Well looks like history has hit a very definite fork in the road. Would particularly like peoples opinions on the 1880 UK election and how realistic the outcome is. Plus how long that coalition could hold together. Especially after the death of Disraeli. This also removes what I think is the first true britwankery in the TL, the very early British=Chilean alliance. Chile may still end up in the British camp, but it will happen organically if it does.
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1878: How to block a great power
~1878: How to block a Great Power
January 1878: With the fall of Plevna, the Russians have been able to continue their advancing in the Balkans, eventually defeating the Ottomans in Bulgaria. With the outcome of the war now beyond doubt, Disraeli pressures the Russians into accepting a Ottoman offer of a cease fire.
February 1878: Citing civil unrest, Sultan Abdul Hamid II dismisses the Ottoman parliament and refuses to call new elections, effectively suspending the constitution of 1876 and beginning an increasingly conservative personal rule. In order to cement his control Abdul Hamid exiles the leaders of the Young Ottoman Movement, effectively preventing any organised resistance.
February 1878: The Ottoman defeat has left the way way open for an advance on Constantinople. Despite the cease fire, the Russians continue their advance toward the city. Fearing the possibility of the Russians gaining control of the Turkish Straits, Disraeli dispatches a Royal Navy squadron to the Black Sea in an effort to dissuade them. The plan is successful and the Russians halt their advance short of the city. However the radicals in the Liberal Party capitalise on public hostility toward the Ottomans to fiercely criticise Disraeli's actions.
February 1878: With the ongoing Long Depression, there have been widespread calls in the US to resume the minting of silver dollars and adopt bimetalism once more, despite the inflationary effects which this would bring. In response to this pressure Congress passes the Bland-Allison Act requiring the US Treasury to resume minting silver dollars. While the act is vetoed by President Rutherford Hayes, Congress votes to override the veto and bring the act into law. While Hayes does attempt to limit the effect of the act by restricting the purchase of silver to the minimum legally required and all but preventing the minting of silver coins of less than a dollar, the act does increase the money supply in the US, easing the economic depression, albeit at the cost of increased inflation.
February 1878: Since his appointment as Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon has been trying to impose British control over Southern Africa. His indention is to united the British Colonies, Boer Republics and Indigenous African states in a single large confederation, the annexation of Transvaal the previous year being one part of this plan. In another, he has appointed Henry Frere as High Commissioner for Southern Africa and Governor of Cape Colony to implement his plan. However the government of Cape Colony has fiercely opposed Lord Carnarvon's plan from its inception, fearing, probably correctly, any union with the illiberal and racist Boers would destroy their non-racially based electoral system and that the entire project is likely to result in war with the Boers. The Cape governments opposition has been continually frustrating Frere's attempts to annex the local African states. In order to overcome this obstacle, Frere appeals for and is granted permission to suspend responsible government in the Cape and assume direct control of the colony. Frere acts immediately to remove the elected government of John Molteno and replace it with an appointed government under his local ally, Gordon Sprigg. Sprigg immediately begins attempting to undermine indigenous rights in the colony and expanding its borders by conquering the African states.
March 1878: With the war now over, the Russians impose the Treaty of San Stefano. This treaty creates an independent Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia and Romania. Bulgaria is rewarded with huge territorial gains, including access to the Aegean Sea. Montenegro and Serbia also gain significant additional territory. Romania is required to cede Southern Bessarabia to Russia in return for Northern Dobruja from the Ottomans. The Ottomans are also required to make considerable concessions to the Russians in the Caucasus. While most of the victors are satisfied with the treaty, the Romanians are deeply disappointed, feeling betrayed by the Russians.
March 1878: Disraeli's program of social reform has faltered for a number of years as he has focused on the Great Eastern War. However after years of agitation, the laws regarding factory workers are consolidated into the Factories and Workshops Act, replacing all previous legislation regulating factories. Unlike previous acts which only covered certain industries and certain groups of workers, this act covers all industries and all workers in the entire United Kingdom. There is considerable opposition to the act, especially over its inclusion of men and the limits on working hours imposed. However it narrowly passes with support from the Liberals and Irish Home Rule League, The act limits working hours to 60 per week with no more than 10 per day. It also guarantees workers certain public holidays, amounting to two full days and eight half days. Finally it prohibits the employment of children under 13. Despite the opposition, it proves highly effective, increasing both productivity and efficiency, greatly improving Britain's overall economic situation in the Long Depression.
April 1878: British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Austen Layard, witnesses the plight of thousands of impoverished Balkans Jews who have fled pogroms committed by the victorious Russians and their Balkan allies in the wake of the Turkish defeat. He writes a number of articles highlighting their desperate situation. The articles create significant sympathy. This will lead to the foundation of the Interfaith Jewish Relief Society to provide aid. The charity is supported by a number of prominent members of the Anglican, Catholic and Jewish faiths. The Conservative peer Lord Shaftesbury, noted social reformer and long time supporter of Zionism, agrees to act as patron.
May 1878: In what will come to be considered the last witchcraft trial in the US, Christian Scientist Lucretia Brown sues fellow Christian Scientist Daniel Spofford for attempting to harm her via “mesmeric mental powers.” The case, held in Salem Massachusetts, is dismissed by the judge, as are Brown's later attempts to appeal.
May 1878: British Colonial Secretary Lord Carnarvon resigns over disagreement with Disraeli regarding his policies in the Great Eastern War. He is replaced by Lord Derby, who's position as Foreign Secretary has become untenable after it being revealed he has passed Cabinet secrets to the Russians in an attempt to avoid war. He is replaced as Foreign Secretary by Lord Salisbury.
June 1878: The Great Powers are greatly concerned by terms of the Treaty of San Stefano. Consequently German Chancellor, Otto von Bismark calls a Congress of the Great Powers in Berlin to review the situation. The participants are the six Great Powers and the Ottomans. The Balkans states, including Greece, are allowed to attend sessions effecting them. The British delegation attempts to moderate the Congress in regard to the Ottomans, Having signed a secret agreement giving them control of Cyprus in return for this support. Unfortunately their freedom of action was limited by fear of creating further domestic opposition after Disraeli's dispatch of the squadron the the Black Sea, In the subsequent Treaty of Berlin, Serbia and Montenegro are forced to relinquish control of Bosnia, Herzegovina and Sandžak to the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The Ottomans are allowed to retain Thrace, Macedonia, and Albania. However, due to the considerable domestic opposition to the government's support for the Ottomans, the British are unable to prevent Serbia from retaining Kosovo or Bulgaria Eastern Rumelia. Despite their limited success, the British insist on Ottomans honouring their secret agreement, and take control of Cyprus. During the negotiations, the Greeks press their claims in Thessaly and Crete. However, they are only supported by France and the Treaty merely contains a vague clause calling for the Ottomans and Greeks to settle issues over Thessaly via negotiation.
July 1878: With the Treaty of Berlin settling affairs in the Balkans, the Russians turn their attention to The Great Game and rivalries with the British over influence in central Asia. In an effort to exert greater influence in the vital border nation, the Russians dispatch an uninvited diplomatic mission to Afghanistan. Despite repeated appeals over the years by Emir Sher Ali Khan, successive British governments have refuse to guarantee support for Afghanistan against Russia. The last such refusal being against the recommendation of the then Viceroy of India, Lord Northbrook. Consequently, despite his efforts, the Emir is unable to prevent the Russian missions arrival.
July 1878: With it felt inappropriate and uneconomic to have indigenous Fijians working in Fiji's sugar plantations, a policy of importing indentured Indian labours is instituted. The first will arrive next year and over the next four decades, tens of thousands will be transported, with many remaining in Fiji.
August 1878: The Public Health (Ireland) Act extends the terms of the 1875 Act to Ireland. However this act goes further after Randolph Churchill, Joseph Chamberlain and William Shaw of the Irish Home Rule League force through an amendment allowing councils to require the demolition and replacement of older homes which fail to meet the new requirements. This amendment has been forced through against government opposition as the three men combined were able to gather enough support to force it through. This marks the start of cooperation between the three men.
September 1878: In an effort to reduce the continuing unrest in India left the wake of Lord Lytton's administration, Viceroy Richard Temple reduces many of the more stringent taxes imposed by the Raj. However the despised Salt Tax is not included. Nevertheless, the measure, along with Temple's massive increase in famine relief and repeal of some of Lord Lytton's more hated laws, does improve the situation and relative calm returns to much of India.
November 1878: In response to the arrival of the Russian mission in Kabul, the British have demanded the Emir accept a permanent British mission under General Neville Chamberlain. Emir Sher Ali Khan not only refuses, he orders the mission turned back in the Khyber Pass. This convinces the British the Emir has fallen under Russian influence. Therefore an invasion is launched, starting the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
December 1878: Despite his supposed retirement after his defeat in 1874, Gladstone has remained extremely active in politics, In a surprise move he announces his official return by joining the Progressive Party, The effect is to immediately split the Liberal Party with another 57 Liberals defecting to the Progressives, This leaves 127 Liberal MPs as against 115 in the Gladstone's Progressive Party. George Goschen steps aside as leader in the Commons. Gladstone embarks on a US style electioneering campaign, with speaking events throughout the country. These speeches attack Disraeli's record, focussing on his foreign policy, but also covering the abandonment of free trade and the general poor economic condition due to the Long Depression. The campaign starts in the Edinburghshire or Midlothian constituency, where Gladstone intends to stand in addition to his Leeds seat. Thus his campaign is referred to as the Midlothian Campaign.
January 1878: With the fall of Plevna, the Russians have been able to continue their advancing in the Balkans, eventually defeating the Ottomans in Bulgaria. With the outcome of the war now beyond doubt, Disraeli pressures the Russians into accepting a Ottoman offer of a cease fire.
February 1878: Citing civil unrest, Sultan Abdul Hamid II dismisses the Ottoman parliament and refuses to call new elections, effectively suspending the constitution of 1876 and beginning an increasingly conservative personal rule. In order to cement his control Abdul Hamid exiles the leaders of the Young Ottoman Movement, effectively preventing any organised resistance.
February 1878: The Ottoman defeat has left the way way open for an advance on Constantinople. Despite the cease fire, the Russians continue their advance toward the city. Fearing the possibility of the Russians gaining control of the Turkish Straits, Disraeli dispatches a Royal Navy squadron to the Black Sea in an effort to dissuade them. The plan is successful and the Russians halt their advance short of the city. However the radicals in the Liberal Party capitalise on public hostility toward the Ottomans to fiercely criticise Disraeli's actions.
February 1878: With the ongoing Long Depression, there have been widespread calls in the US to resume the minting of silver dollars and adopt bimetalism once more, despite the inflationary effects which this would bring. In response to this pressure Congress passes the Bland-Allison Act requiring the US Treasury to resume minting silver dollars. While the act is vetoed by President Rutherford Hayes, Congress votes to override the veto and bring the act into law. While Hayes does attempt to limit the effect of the act by restricting the purchase of silver to the minimum legally required and all but preventing the minting of silver coins of less than a dollar, the act does increase the money supply in the US, easing the economic depression, albeit at the cost of increased inflation.
February 1878: Since his appointment as Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon has been trying to impose British control over Southern Africa. His indention is to united the British Colonies, Boer Republics and Indigenous African states in a single large confederation, the annexation of Transvaal the previous year being one part of this plan. In another, he has appointed Henry Frere as High Commissioner for Southern Africa and Governor of Cape Colony to implement his plan. However the government of Cape Colony has fiercely opposed Lord Carnarvon's plan from its inception, fearing, probably correctly, any union with the illiberal and racist Boers would destroy their non-racially based electoral system and that the entire project is likely to result in war with the Boers. The Cape governments opposition has been continually frustrating Frere's attempts to annex the local African states. In order to overcome this obstacle, Frere appeals for and is granted permission to suspend responsible government in the Cape and assume direct control of the colony. Frere acts immediately to remove the elected government of John Molteno and replace it with an appointed government under his local ally, Gordon Sprigg. Sprigg immediately begins attempting to undermine indigenous rights in the colony and expanding its borders by conquering the African states.
March 1878: With the war now over, the Russians impose the Treaty of San Stefano. This treaty creates an independent Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia and Romania. Bulgaria is rewarded with huge territorial gains, including access to the Aegean Sea. Montenegro and Serbia also gain significant additional territory. Romania is required to cede Southern Bessarabia to Russia in return for Northern Dobruja from the Ottomans. The Ottomans are also required to make considerable concessions to the Russians in the Caucasus. While most of the victors are satisfied with the treaty, the Romanians are deeply disappointed, feeling betrayed by the Russians.
March 1878: Disraeli's program of social reform has faltered for a number of years as he has focused on the Great Eastern War. However after years of agitation, the laws regarding factory workers are consolidated into the Factories and Workshops Act, replacing all previous legislation regulating factories. Unlike previous acts which only covered certain industries and certain groups of workers, this act covers all industries and all workers in the entire United Kingdom. There is considerable opposition to the act, especially over its inclusion of men and the limits on working hours imposed. However it narrowly passes with support from the Liberals and Irish Home Rule League, The act limits working hours to 60 per week with no more than 10 per day. It also guarantees workers certain public holidays, amounting to two full days and eight half days. Finally it prohibits the employment of children under 13. Despite the opposition, it proves highly effective, increasing both productivity and efficiency, greatly improving Britain's overall economic situation in the Long Depression.
April 1878: British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Austen Layard, witnesses the plight of thousands of impoverished Balkans Jews who have fled pogroms committed by the victorious Russians and their Balkan allies in the wake of the Turkish defeat. He writes a number of articles highlighting their desperate situation. The articles create significant sympathy. This will lead to the foundation of the Interfaith Jewish Relief Society to provide aid. The charity is supported by a number of prominent members of the Anglican, Catholic and Jewish faiths. The Conservative peer Lord Shaftesbury, noted social reformer and long time supporter of Zionism, agrees to act as patron.
May 1878: In what will come to be considered the last witchcraft trial in the US, Christian Scientist Lucretia Brown sues fellow Christian Scientist Daniel Spofford for attempting to harm her via “mesmeric mental powers.” The case, held in Salem Massachusetts, is dismissed by the judge, as are Brown's later attempts to appeal.
May 1878: British Colonial Secretary Lord Carnarvon resigns over disagreement with Disraeli regarding his policies in the Great Eastern War. He is replaced by Lord Derby, who's position as Foreign Secretary has become untenable after it being revealed he has passed Cabinet secrets to the Russians in an attempt to avoid war. He is replaced as Foreign Secretary by Lord Salisbury.
June 1878: The Great Powers are greatly concerned by terms of the Treaty of San Stefano. Consequently German Chancellor, Otto von Bismark calls a Congress of the Great Powers in Berlin to review the situation. The participants are the six Great Powers and the Ottomans. The Balkans states, including Greece, are allowed to attend sessions effecting them. The British delegation attempts to moderate the Congress in regard to the Ottomans, Having signed a secret agreement giving them control of Cyprus in return for this support. Unfortunately their freedom of action was limited by fear of creating further domestic opposition after Disraeli's dispatch of the squadron the the Black Sea, In the subsequent Treaty of Berlin, Serbia and Montenegro are forced to relinquish control of Bosnia, Herzegovina and Sandžak to the Austro-Hungarian occupation. The Ottomans are allowed to retain Thrace, Macedonia, and Albania. However, due to the considerable domestic opposition to the government's support for the Ottomans, the British are unable to prevent Serbia from retaining Kosovo or Bulgaria Eastern Rumelia. Despite their limited success, the British insist on Ottomans honouring their secret agreement, and take control of Cyprus. During the negotiations, the Greeks press their claims in Thessaly and Crete. However, they are only supported by France and the Treaty merely contains a vague clause calling for the Ottomans and Greeks to settle issues over Thessaly via negotiation.
July 1878: With the Treaty of Berlin settling affairs in the Balkans, the Russians turn their attention to The Great Game and rivalries with the British over influence in central Asia. In an effort to exert greater influence in the vital border nation, the Russians dispatch an uninvited diplomatic mission to Afghanistan. Despite repeated appeals over the years by Emir Sher Ali Khan, successive British governments have refuse to guarantee support for Afghanistan against Russia. The last such refusal being against the recommendation of the then Viceroy of India, Lord Northbrook. Consequently, despite his efforts, the Emir is unable to prevent the Russian missions arrival.
July 1878: With it felt inappropriate and uneconomic to have indigenous Fijians working in Fiji's sugar plantations, a policy of importing indentured Indian labours is instituted. The first will arrive next year and over the next four decades, tens of thousands will be transported, with many remaining in Fiji.
August 1878: The Public Health (Ireland) Act extends the terms of the 1875 Act to Ireland. However this act goes further after Randolph Churchill, Joseph Chamberlain and William Shaw of the Irish Home Rule League force through an amendment allowing councils to require the demolition and replacement of older homes which fail to meet the new requirements. This amendment has been forced through against government opposition as the three men combined were able to gather enough support to force it through. This marks the start of cooperation between the three men.
September 1878: In an effort to reduce the continuing unrest in India left the wake of Lord Lytton's administration, Viceroy Richard Temple reduces many of the more stringent taxes imposed by the Raj. However the despised Salt Tax is not included. Nevertheless, the measure, along with Temple's massive increase in famine relief and repeal of some of Lord Lytton's more hated laws, does improve the situation and relative calm returns to much of India.
November 1878: In response to the arrival of the Russian mission in Kabul, the British have demanded the Emir accept a permanent British mission under General Neville Chamberlain. Emir Sher Ali Khan not only refuses, he orders the mission turned back in the Khyber Pass. This convinces the British the Emir has fallen under Russian influence. Therefore an invasion is launched, starting the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
December 1878: Despite his supposed retirement after his defeat in 1874, Gladstone has remained extremely active in politics, In a surprise move he announces his official return by joining the Progressive Party, The effect is to immediately split the Liberal Party with another 57 Liberals defecting to the Progressives, This leaves 127 Liberal MPs as against 115 in the Gladstone's Progressive Party. George Goschen steps aside as leader in the Commons. Gladstone embarks on a US style electioneering campaign, with speaking events throughout the country. These speeches attack Disraeli's record, focussing on his foreign policy, but also covering the abandonment of free trade and the general poor economic condition due to the Long Depression. The campaign starts in the Edinburghshire or Midlothian constituency, where Gladstone intends to stand in addition to his Leeds seat. Thus his campaign is referred to as the Midlothian Campaign.
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Sigh I spent ages setting this up, then totally forgot about it. Curiously buried in this is one of the most import things which will lead to the Imp CW. Britain agreed not to act without permission of the Dominions.
July 1880: The Imperial Conference is held in Montreal. The conference is attended by the Australian, Canadian, South African, and New Zealand colonies and Dominions along with the British. While the conference achieves little, it is hailed as a great success. The only practical outcomes are the Australian Dominions and New Zealand agree to pay £126,000 annually toward the Royal Navy in return for the British agreeing not to reduce the Pacific Squadron without their consent, along with that Queen Victoria's title should change to “Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, the Colonies and dependencies, and Empress of India.” There is much discussion about if another Imperial Conference should be held. Eventually it is decided another should be held in 1882 in Cape Town.
=McUpdate=
July 1880: The Imperial Conference is held in Montreal. The conference is attended by the Australian, Canadian, South African, and New Zealand colonies and Dominions along with the British. While the conference achieves little, it is hailed as a great success. The only practical outcomes are the Australian Dominions and New Zealand agree to pay £126,000 annually toward the Royal Navy in return for the British agreeing not to reduce the Pacific Squadron without their consent, along with that Queen Victoria's title should change to “Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, the Colonies and dependencies, and Empress of India.” There is much discussion about if another Imperial Conference should be held. Eventually it is decided another should be held in 1882 in Cape Town.
=McUpdate=
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This TL was a certified hood classic back in the day. This is so nice to read.
I think that is brink of rebellion.
I too suffer from dyslexia, and know the impossibility of prof reading your own work.
SuperZtar64
Banned
Garfield is too good to live, even in an alternate universe.
Hyped for how the imperial conferences shape up going forward.
Hyped for how the imperial conferences shape up going forward.
I know right? Someone really needs to make a TL where he at least gets one full term
Keeping Garfield alive isn't that hard. Just have him treated by someone who believed in antiseptics. Lister's work was already widely known in the US so not really hard. Actually having him treated by anybody other than who did in the OTL probably gives him a fighting chance, it's not inaccurate to say the doctor was actually the one who killed him.
I did consider it, but I can't think of a way of tying it back to the PoD.
1879: Playing the Great Game
~1879: Playing the Great Game
January 1879: The Species Redemption Act comes into effect in the US. The act is an attempt to reduce inflation by move the US closer toward the Gold Standard by fixing the value of the paper US dollar, or Greenback, to the value of gold. However the act, as with all previous US attempts to move to the gold standard, will be hobbled by political pressure from the Free Silver Movement forcing the over issuance of silver certificates and dollars. The ongoing US adherence to bimetalism will continue to create inflationary pressure, further hampering the US recovery from the Long Depression.
January 1879: Despite the Disraeli government wishing to avoid war with the Zulus, Cape Colony Governor Henry Frere take advantage of a boundary dispute to launch an invasion of Zululand without the British government's authorisation. The initial invasion will prove disastrous, with substantial British force wiped out at the Battle of Isandlwana. In the face of such a humiliating defeat, the government are left with no choice but to continue the war.
February 1879: Isaac Butt's influence in the Irish Home Rule League has been waning for a number of years. Realising his position has become untenable, he resigns and dies two months later. Despite a spirited challenge by Charles Parnell, William Shaw is elected to replace him.
February 1879: In 1866, motivated partly by strong support for protectionism and partly by anger over Britain's perceived support for the Confederates in the Civil War, the US unilaterally abrogated the Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 which instituted a system of free trade between the two. Successive Canadian attempts to reinstate the treaty having failed, the recently re-elected Conservative government of John MacDonald bring in the National Policy to protect Canadian manufacturers, encourage growth and settle the sparely populated western regions of Canada. Much focus is given to the tariffs imposed on imports, especially on US goods. But the policy also includes massive investment in industry, infrastructure and railways, often financed by the Colonial Capital Act. The policy also includes stricter enforcement of US access to Canadian fisheries. This, along with the high tariffs imposed on US goods will cause considerable resentment in the US, particularly in New England, Washington Territory and Oregon. US Secretary of State raises the matter with the British Foreign Office. However Foreign Secretary Lord Salisbury refuses to interfere in what he regards as domestic Canadian affairs, pointing out the Canadians are still abiding by the terms of all relevant treaties and agreements.
March 1879: After an extremely lengthy inquiry, the Northbrook Commission on India finally reports its findings to Parliament. The report is quite radical in its recommendations and provokes a storm of controversy and criticism. Its most controversial recommendation is that Indians should form at least two thirds of the members of all provincial legislative councils, with at least half of these being directly elected. It also recommends at least one third of the members of the Council of India be Indians. Other contentious recommendations include requiring the British Parliament to approve any legislation by the central Indian Legislative Council, that local legislative councils should be allowed to vote on budgetary matters, that restrictions on Indian participation in the Imperial Civil Service and Imperial Indian Police be removed, a reduction of the Salt Tax, allowing Indians to attend the Royal Military Academies at Sandhurst and Woolwich so as they can serve in the Indian Army as officers, that examinations for entry into the Imperial Civil Service be held in India as well as Britain, and the adoption of a policy of encouraging reform and democracy within the Indian Princely States. Less controversial are things such as setting up a permanent commission to deal with famine relief, with ongoing funding to build up a cash reserve to deal with famines when they arise, encouraging participation of the growing Indian middle class in the administration of the Raj, and reducing press censorship. The report finds support in the Liberal Party and Irish Home Rule League, but is widely dismissed by the Conservatives and Progressives. Despite this, the report will be exceptionally well received by Indians, being essential adopted by both the British Indian Association and Indian National Association as their platform for reform.
March 1879: Disputes over the Atacama desert between Bolivia, Chile and Peru explode into war when Bolivia and Peru ally to gain control of this resource rich region, beginning the War of the Pacific. Both sides recognise the importance of control of the sea to allow supply in the desolate Atacama Desert and the early stages of the war will be primarily naval in nature.
March 1879: In a move to protect the elephant population in India. Viceroy Temple brings the Elephant Preservation Act in India. The act bans the killing of wild elephants without a licence, imposing steep fines and imprisonment for such acts, While this does not halt the decline, it does slow it.
April 1879: After considerable pressure for action on the Northbrook Report by reformist Conservative backbenchers led by Randolph Churchill, Lal Behari Day is appointed to the Council of India as a second Indian member. However Disraeli is forced by the more conservative members of his part to commission a new inquiry headed by Lord Buckingham.
20th April 1879: After years of lobbying by the Imperial Federation League, Disraeli announces an Imperial Conference of Britain and the Dominions will be held in 1880. The conference is to mark the 40th anniversary of the passing of the British North America Act which established the Province of Canada and set the path to responsible government. The conference will be held in Montreal to recognise the proclamation of the Province of Canada.
May 1879: After several early British victories have left the way to Kabul open, Emir Sher Ali travels to St Petersburg to ask Tsar Alexander II for aid in defending his country. The Russians refuse to offer assistance, instead insisting he seek terms of surrender from the British. However Sher Ali will die on the way back to Kabul, leaving the throne to his son Mohammad Yaqub Khan. With the British occupying over half of Afghanistan, the new Emir attempts to negotiate a settlement to prevent a complete British conquest. Under the terms of the resulting Treaty of Gandamak, the Emir turns over control of Afghanistan's foreign affairs to the British and the presence of a permanent Resident in Kabul. In return the British promise an annual subsidy and give assurances of support in the event of a foreign threat. The Treaty effectively reduces Afghanistan to a British protectorate, with General Samuel Browne installed as the first resident. His tactful handling of Afghan sensibilities in the wake of the humiliating terms of the treaty, does much to restore order to the country and allows the bulk of British troops to be withdrawn.
June 1879: After the fall of the Second French Empire, the Imperial family went into exile in Britain. Emperor Napoleon III's only child, Louis Napoleon has achieved the rank of lieutenant in the Royal Artillery. Despite petitions from his mother, the Empress Eugénie and Queen Victoria herself, the government refuses to allow him to Join Lord Chelmsford's expedition into Zululand. Instead he is dispatched as a military observer, joining the Chilean forces in the War of the Pacific.
July 1879: The Chinese navy currently consists of a few composite gunboats built at either Jiangnan or Fuzhou shipyards, supplemented by armed junks. In an effort to strengthen their navy the Qing, two protected cruisers are order from British yards.
July 1879: A second, larger and better prepared, invasion of Zululand crushes the Zulu army at the Battle of Ulandi. With this victory, the British burn the Zulus Royal Kraal and divide the kingdom into a number of smaller chieftainships.
August 1879: A report into the state of the Royal Navy by Lord Carnarvon find its strength is insufficient to carry out its duties in regard to the defence of the Empire and protection of seaborne trade, vital to the Empires economy. The report also finds serious deficiencies in equipment, training and inflexibility in leadership. Cabinet regard the report as highly politically undesirable and it is suppressed, with no publication. However despite the damning report, no action is taken.
September 1879: In a move more widely supported in the Conservative Party, the Famine Relief (India) Act is passed with support from all Parties in both Houses. Closely modelled on John Bright's 1874 Famine Relief Bill, the act establishes a permanent Indian Famine Relief Commission to deal with future events. The Commission is to be jointly funded by Indian taxation, charitable donations and a large annual contribution from the British government, with the aim of creating a reserve of funds to deal with any crisis before it happens. However in one respect the act differs radically from Bright's proposal. The Commission will be directly under the control of the Council of India in London, not the Viceroy. The Commission will be solely answerable to the Secretary of State for India and the British government.
October 1879: In an effort to resolve the ongoing stand off between the Russians and Chinese in the Ila Valley in Xinjiang, the Zongli Yamen or Qing foreign ministry dispatch a team of negotiators headed by Wanjan Chonghou in an effort to find a diplomatic solution. The Chinese are in an extremely strong position. The Russian treasury has been heavily depleted by the Great Eastern War and their forces in the region as vastly outnumbered by Zuo Zongtang's experienced and well equipped army. Despite all these advantages the resulting Treaty of Livadia is exceptionally one sided toward the Russians. Under its terms Russia will retain much of the Ila Valley, the Qing will pay a five million rouble {£512,613} indemnity and Russia will be given unprecedented access to the trade in the interior of China, along with a large number of other favourable commercial concessions. There is an uproar in China when these terms become known and Choughou is condemned as incompetent and sentenced to death. In the meantime, another diplomatic mission under Zeng Jize is dispatched in an effort to renegotiate the terms. In line with their new policy of supporting the Qing, the British offer to send senior diplomat, Lord Dufferin to assist in the renegotiation.
October 1879: The Chilean navy destroys the Peruvian fleet in the Battle of Angamos. The overwhelming Chilean victory ensures naval superiority, allowing them to supply their army in the Atacama, giving them a decisive advantage in the War of the Pacific.
November 1879: Chilean forces under General Erasmo Escala launch an opposed amphibious assault on the Peruvian port of Pisagua. The attack is successful, giving Chile a vital port to support its operations and launch a land campaign in the arid interior. Though widely ignored by European powers, the assault will be the beginning of a new era in amphibious warfare.
November 1879: Afghan Pashtun tribesmen led by Mohammad Jan Khan denounce Emir Yaqub Khan as British puppet and declare Musa Jan Khan Emir in his place. A large number of Afghan soldiers defect to the rebels and being a march on Kabul. General Browne, warned of the advancing Afghan forces by a Rissalder-Major of the Corps of Guides, organises a defence with the single squadron of Guides and few loyal Afghan regiments at his disposal, disarming the remaining Afghan troops in the city. Meanwhile a relief force under General Frederick Roberts is organised in India.
January 1879: The Species Redemption Act comes into effect in the US. The act is an attempt to reduce inflation by move the US closer toward the Gold Standard by fixing the value of the paper US dollar, or Greenback, to the value of gold. However the act, as with all previous US attempts to move to the gold standard, will be hobbled by political pressure from the Free Silver Movement forcing the over issuance of silver certificates and dollars. The ongoing US adherence to bimetalism will continue to create inflationary pressure, further hampering the US recovery from the Long Depression.
January 1879: Despite the Disraeli government wishing to avoid war with the Zulus, Cape Colony Governor Henry Frere take advantage of a boundary dispute to launch an invasion of Zululand without the British government's authorisation. The initial invasion will prove disastrous, with substantial British force wiped out at the Battle of Isandlwana. In the face of such a humiliating defeat, the government are left with no choice but to continue the war.
February 1879: Isaac Butt's influence in the Irish Home Rule League has been waning for a number of years. Realising his position has become untenable, he resigns and dies two months later. Despite a spirited challenge by Charles Parnell, William Shaw is elected to replace him.
February 1879: In 1866, motivated partly by strong support for protectionism and partly by anger over Britain's perceived support for the Confederates in the Civil War, the US unilaterally abrogated the Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 which instituted a system of free trade between the two. Successive Canadian attempts to reinstate the treaty having failed, the recently re-elected Conservative government of John MacDonald bring in the National Policy to protect Canadian manufacturers, encourage growth and settle the sparely populated western regions of Canada. Much focus is given to the tariffs imposed on imports, especially on US goods. But the policy also includes massive investment in industry, infrastructure and railways, often financed by the Colonial Capital Act. The policy also includes stricter enforcement of US access to Canadian fisheries. This, along with the high tariffs imposed on US goods will cause considerable resentment in the US, particularly in New England, Washington Territory and Oregon. US Secretary of State raises the matter with the British Foreign Office. However Foreign Secretary Lord Salisbury refuses to interfere in what he regards as domestic Canadian affairs, pointing out the Canadians are still abiding by the terms of all relevant treaties and agreements.
March 1879: After an extremely lengthy inquiry, the Northbrook Commission on India finally reports its findings to Parliament. The report is quite radical in its recommendations and provokes a storm of controversy and criticism. Its most controversial recommendation is that Indians should form at least two thirds of the members of all provincial legislative councils, with at least half of these being directly elected. It also recommends at least one third of the members of the Council of India be Indians. Other contentious recommendations include requiring the British Parliament to approve any legislation by the central Indian Legislative Council, that local legislative councils should be allowed to vote on budgetary matters, that restrictions on Indian participation in the Imperial Civil Service and Imperial Indian Police be removed, a reduction of the Salt Tax, allowing Indians to attend the Royal Military Academies at Sandhurst and Woolwich so as they can serve in the Indian Army as officers, that examinations for entry into the Imperial Civil Service be held in India as well as Britain, and the adoption of a policy of encouraging reform and democracy within the Indian Princely States. Less controversial are things such as setting up a permanent commission to deal with famine relief, with ongoing funding to build up a cash reserve to deal with famines when they arise, encouraging participation of the growing Indian middle class in the administration of the Raj, and reducing press censorship. The report finds support in the Liberal Party and Irish Home Rule League, but is widely dismissed by the Conservatives and Progressives. Despite this, the report will be exceptionally well received by Indians, being essential adopted by both the British Indian Association and Indian National Association as their platform for reform.
March 1879: Disputes over the Atacama desert between Bolivia, Chile and Peru explode into war when Bolivia and Peru ally to gain control of this resource rich region, beginning the War of the Pacific. Both sides recognise the importance of control of the sea to allow supply in the desolate Atacama Desert and the early stages of the war will be primarily naval in nature.
March 1879: In a move to protect the elephant population in India. Viceroy Temple brings the Elephant Preservation Act in India. The act bans the killing of wild elephants without a licence, imposing steep fines and imprisonment for such acts, While this does not halt the decline, it does slow it.
April 1879: After considerable pressure for action on the Northbrook Report by reformist Conservative backbenchers led by Randolph Churchill, Lal Behari Day is appointed to the Council of India as a second Indian member. However Disraeli is forced by the more conservative members of his part to commission a new inquiry headed by Lord Buckingham.
20th April 1879: After years of lobbying by the Imperial Federation League, Disraeli announces an Imperial Conference of Britain and the Dominions will be held in 1880. The conference is to mark the 40th anniversary of the passing of the British North America Act which established the Province of Canada and set the path to responsible government. The conference will be held in Montreal to recognise the proclamation of the Province of Canada.
May 1879: After several early British victories have left the way to Kabul open, Emir Sher Ali travels to St Petersburg to ask Tsar Alexander II for aid in defending his country. The Russians refuse to offer assistance, instead insisting he seek terms of surrender from the British. However Sher Ali will die on the way back to Kabul, leaving the throne to his son Mohammad Yaqub Khan. With the British occupying over half of Afghanistan, the new Emir attempts to negotiate a settlement to prevent a complete British conquest. Under the terms of the resulting Treaty of Gandamak, the Emir turns over control of Afghanistan's foreign affairs to the British and the presence of a permanent Resident in Kabul. In return the British promise an annual subsidy and give assurances of support in the event of a foreign threat. The Treaty effectively reduces Afghanistan to a British protectorate, with General Samuel Browne installed as the first resident. His tactful handling of Afghan sensibilities in the wake of the humiliating terms of the treaty, does much to restore order to the country and allows the bulk of British troops to be withdrawn.
June 1879: After the fall of the Second French Empire, the Imperial family went into exile in Britain. Emperor Napoleon III's only child, Louis Napoleon has achieved the rank of lieutenant in the Royal Artillery. Despite petitions from his mother, the Empress Eugénie and Queen Victoria herself, the government refuses to allow him to Join Lord Chelmsford's expedition into Zululand. Instead he is dispatched as a military observer, joining the Chilean forces in the War of the Pacific.
July 1879: The Chinese navy currently consists of a few composite gunboats built at either Jiangnan or Fuzhou shipyards, supplemented by armed junks. In an effort to strengthen their navy the Qing, two protected cruisers are order from British yards.
July 1879: A second, larger and better prepared, invasion of Zululand crushes the Zulu army at the Battle of Ulandi. With this victory, the British burn the Zulus Royal Kraal and divide the kingdom into a number of smaller chieftainships.
August 1879: A report into the state of the Royal Navy by Lord Carnarvon find its strength is insufficient to carry out its duties in regard to the defence of the Empire and protection of seaborne trade, vital to the Empires economy. The report also finds serious deficiencies in equipment, training and inflexibility in leadership. Cabinet regard the report as highly politically undesirable and it is suppressed, with no publication. However despite the damning report, no action is taken.
September 1879: In a move more widely supported in the Conservative Party, the Famine Relief (India) Act is passed with support from all Parties in both Houses. Closely modelled on John Bright's 1874 Famine Relief Bill, the act establishes a permanent Indian Famine Relief Commission to deal with future events. The Commission is to be jointly funded by Indian taxation, charitable donations and a large annual contribution from the British government, with the aim of creating a reserve of funds to deal with any crisis before it happens. However in one respect the act differs radically from Bright's proposal. The Commission will be directly under the control of the Council of India in London, not the Viceroy. The Commission will be solely answerable to the Secretary of State for India and the British government.
October 1879: In an effort to resolve the ongoing stand off between the Russians and Chinese in the Ila Valley in Xinjiang, the Zongli Yamen or Qing foreign ministry dispatch a team of negotiators headed by Wanjan Chonghou in an effort to find a diplomatic solution. The Chinese are in an extremely strong position. The Russian treasury has been heavily depleted by the Great Eastern War and their forces in the region as vastly outnumbered by Zuo Zongtang's experienced and well equipped army. Despite all these advantages the resulting Treaty of Livadia is exceptionally one sided toward the Russians. Under its terms Russia will retain much of the Ila Valley, the Qing will pay a five million rouble {£512,613} indemnity and Russia will be given unprecedented access to the trade in the interior of China, along with a large number of other favourable commercial concessions. There is an uproar in China when these terms become known and Choughou is condemned as incompetent and sentenced to death. In the meantime, another diplomatic mission under Zeng Jize is dispatched in an effort to renegotiate the terms. In line with their new policy of supporting the Qing, the British offer to send senior diplomat, Lord Dufferin to assist in the renegotiation.
October 1879: The Chilean navy destroys the Peruvian fleet in the Battle of Angamos. The overwhelming Chilean victory ensures naval superiority, allowing them to supply their army in the Atacama, giving them a decisive advantage in the War of the Pacific.
November 1879: Chilean forces under General Erasmo Escala launch an opposed amphibious assault on the Peruvian port of Pisagua. The attack is successful, giving Chile a vital port to support its operations and launch a land campaign in the arid interior. Though widely ignored by European powers, the assault will be the beginning of a new era in amphibious warfare.
November 1879: Afghan Pashtun tribesmen led by Mohammad Jan Khan denounce Emir Yaqub Khan as British puppet and declare Musa Jan Khan Emir in his place. A large number of Afghan soldiers defect to the rebels and being a march on Kabul. General Browne, warned of the advancing Afghan forces by a Rissalder-Major of the Corps of Guides, organises a defence with the single squadron of Guides and few loyal Afghan regiments at his disposal, disarming the remaining Afghan troops in the city. Meanwhile a relief force under General Frederick Roberts is organised in India.
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Minor change, I've changed Forsters replacement as Lib leader from Chamberlain to George Trevelyan. Chamberlain's not built up enough support by 1883. I did consider Henry Cambell-Bannerman, but that really would be throwing the fox in with the chickens.
Something else I'd set up and forgot
March 1881: Tsar Alexander II is assassinated by Russian radicals. He is succeeded by his son Alexander III who brings an end to his attempts to reform Russia and institutes a harsh crackdown on dissent. His assassination will also spark a series of anti Jewish pogroms throughout Russia,
May 1881: In response to the ongoing pogroms in Russia have sparked a wave of intense criticism in Britain, especially in the more radical elements of society. Despite the government of Lord Salisbury taking no official action, the Interfaith Jewish Relief Society (IJRS) undertakes a program to encourage Russian Jews to migrate to Britain and the Empire. By 1889, some 200.000 Russian Jews have migrated to Britian, with another 80.000 settling in the Dominions.
=McUpdate=
March 1881: Tsar Alexander II is assassinated by Russian radicals. He is succeeded by his son Alexander III who brings an end to his attempts to reform Russia and institutes a harsh crackdown on dissent. His assassination will also spark a series of anti Jewish pogroms throughout Russia,
May 1881: In response to the ongoing pogroms in Russia have sparked a wave of intense criticism in Britain, especially in the more radical elements of society. Despite the government of Lord Salisbury taking no official action, the Interfaith Jewish Relief Society (IJRS) undertakes a program to encourage Russian Jews to migrate to Britain and the Empire. By 1889, some 200.000 Russian Jews have migrated to Britian, with another 80.000 settling in the Dominions.
=McUpdate=
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I keep finding little seemingly trivial things which have major impact latter.
May 1875: Hawaiian king Kalakaua signs the Reciprocity Treaty with the US. Under the terms of the treaty Hawaii grants the US access to Pearl Harbour as naval base in return for free access to the US for their sugar exports. The treaty will lead to a major economic boom in Hawaii and expansion of its sugar industry, primarily under the control of US owners.
April 1880: The Japanese introduce the Murata rifle, their first indigenously produced and designed rifle as the Type 13 rifle. An 11mm single shot bolt action rifle designed by Murata Tsuneyoshi, the weapon is the equal of those in use by European powers.
=McUpdate=
May 1875: Hawaiian king Kalakaua signs the Reciprocity Treaty with the US. Under the terms of the treaty Hawaii grants the US access to Pearl Harbour as naval base in return for free access to the US for their sugar exports. The treaty will lead to a major economic boom in Hawaii and expansion of its sugar industry, primarily under the control of US owners.
April 1880: The Japanese introduce the Murata rifle, their first indigenously produced and designed rifle as the Type 13 rifle. An 11mm single shot bolt action rifle designed by Murata Tsuneyoshi, the weapon is the equal of those in use by European powers.
=McUpdate=
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Well in Tokoroa visiting my partner's family. I have finished the 1884-85 chapter, but sadly left the section I'd already done behind. So that'll have to wait till I get home.
However she's of Tainui and Ngāpuhi decent, giving her whānau a foot in both the government and Māori camps during the Land Wars. They're an absolute fountain of knowledge on the period, and turns out Te Kooti's War is important to the TL. Plus I had word count spare, so added in Yellowstone (goes with the conservation sub theme of the TL) and the foundation of the Mounties (important to the upcoming North West Uprising).
March 1872: In a major step forwards in conversation, US president Ulysses Grant signs the Act of Declaration creating Yellowstone as the world's first national park. Despite local opposition, the act sets aside nearly 9,000km² as a natural reserve.
May 1872: Māori leader and founder of the Ringatū religious movement of the Rongowhakaata Iwi, Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki, crosses the Waikato river to seek sanctuary in the King County. King Matutaera Tāwhiao grants him asylum, finally bringing an end to the New Zealand Land Wars, restoring peace to the Dominion. However the King Country in the central North Island remains closed to Europeans.
May 1873: The Canadian government forms the North-West Mounted Police to maintain order in the newly acquired Rupert's Land territories, purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870.
September 1882: Prime Minister of New Zealand Frederick Whitaker uses the Colonial Capital Act to obtain a loan to complete the North Island Main Trunk Line railway. This will require putting the line through the King County and negotiations are begun with the Kīngitanga Movement in the Waikato. With the Kīngitanga Movement's influence among Māori waning an agreement is finally reached. The main sticking point was a pardon for Te Kooti, but finally the government agrees to enable the completion of the Main Trunk Line to go ahead.
=McUpdate=
However she's of Tainui and Ngāpuhi decent, giving her whānau a foot in both the government and Māori camps during the Land Wars. They're an absolute fountain of knowledge on the period, and turns out Te Kooti's War is important to the TL. Plus I had word count spare, so added in Yellowstone (goes with the conservation sub theme of the TL) and the foundation of the Mounties (important to the upcoming North West Uprising).
March 1872: In a major step forwards in conversation, US president Ulysses Grant signs the Act of Declaration creating Yellowstone as the world's first national park. Despite local opposition, the act sets aside nearly 9,000km² as a natural reserve.
May 1872: Māori leader and founder of the Ringatū religious movement of the Rongowhakaata Iwi, Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki, crosses the Waikato river to seek sanctuary in the King County. King Matutaera Tāwhiao grants him asylum, finally bringing an end to the New Zealand Land Wars, restoring peace to the Dominion. However the King Country in the central North Island remains closed to Europeans.
May 1873: The Canadian government forms the North-West Mounted Police to maintain order in the newly acquired Rupert's Land territories, purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1870.
September 1882: Prime Minister of New Zealand Frederick Whitaker uses the Colonial Capital Act to obtain a loan to complete the North Island Main Trunk Line railway. This will require putting the line through the King County and negotiations are begun with the Kīngitanga Movement in the Waikato. With the Kīngitanga Movement's influence among Māori waning an agreement is finally reached. The main sticking point was a pardon for Te Kooti, but finally the government agrees to enable the completion of the Main Trunk Line to go ahead.
=McUpdate=
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Well back home. Seems 1884 is a big year, both in terms of word count and events, so next chapter just covers a single year.
It also features the first speed bump in the progress toward the Imperial Commonwealth. Certainly not a fatal speed bump, but a serious problem which need to be overcome nonetheless. It also has what I think is the second noticeable ripple outside of the empire, and possibly a more serious one.
Also in case anyone is unfamiliar with Māori culture, a Rangatira is a leader in an Iwi (tribe) or Hapu (sub-tribe). It's usually translated as chief, but I think that word often gives an erroneous idea of their nature. Also which Iwi or Hapu a particular Māori belonged to was extremely important in the era being covered (still is, but not to the same degree), so I mention which one a Māori character belongs to.
It also features the first speed bump in the progress toward the Imperial Commonwealth. Certainly not a fatal speed bump, but a serious problem which need to be overcome nonetheless. It also has what I think is the second noticeable ripple outside of the empire, and possibly a more serious one.
Also in case anyone is unfamiliar with Māori culture, a Rangatira is a leader in an Iwi (tribe) or Hapu (sub-tribe). It's usually translated as chief, but I think that word often gives an erroneous idea of their nature. Also which Iwi or Hapu a particular Māori belonged to was extremely important in the era being covered (still is, but not to the same degree), so I mention which one a Māori character belongs to.
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1880: Strange bedfellows
~1880: Strange bedfellows
January 1880: General Samuel Browne, with only around 250 Indian troops, 80 European civilians hastily drafted into service and some 2,000 loyal Afghans has been successfully holding off an Afghan army which now numbers around 20,000. With news of the approach of General Frederick Roberts Kabul Field Force, Mohammad Jan Khan takes approximately 12,000 men in an attempt to prevent the relief of the city. In the Battle of Jalalabad, Roberts will scatter Jan's force, clearing the was relieve Browne. However Kabul is far from secure and Roberts will establish an encampment at Sherpur, pending the arrival of reinforcements under General Charles Gough. Jan regroups and attempts and attempts to storm the encampment before Gough's arrival. After a ferocious battle Jan's forces are repulsed with heavy losses, securing Kabul. With the immediate situation secure, the British move to pacify the country,
January 1880: Since the the Guangxu Emperor beginning his education in Britain, a trend amongst reform minded middle and upper class Chinese has emerged toward having their children educated in Britain. This has led to the emergence of Zhǔnbèi xuéxiào, or readying schools in China. These are intended to prepare children for education in Britain. Along side them are the Yīngyǔ xuéxiào or English schools, which attempt to replicate an English Public School type education in China.
February 1880: The sailing ship Strathleven arrives in London from Sydney. Included in her cargo is 40 tons of frozen beef and mutton. While the spoilage rate of the meat is somewhat high, the voyage proves the viability of refrigerated shipping over long distances.
March 1880: Since 1877 British officer Charles Gordon has been employed by the Khedive of Egypt as Governor General of Sudan. Since his appointment he has been struggling to reform the region and put an end to slavery, the basis of the Sudanese economy. His every effort has been thwarted by local officials. Finally he resigns in frustration leaving the administration of Sudan to the Egyptian Muhammed Rauf Pasha.
April 1880: With the Liberals split between the radicals and Whigs, Disraeli calls an election. While Gladstone's Midlothian Campaign, combined with the economic downturn due to the Long Depression, has been very successful in undermining the Conservatives support, the split Liberal vote mutes its effect, The result is a hung parliament, with the Conservatives having 252 seats, the Liberals 189, Gladstone's Progressives 148 and the Irish Home Rule League 63. Disraeli considers calling a new election immediately will only yield a similar result, leading to several weeks of frantic negotiations in an attempt to form some kind of stable government. Eventual a deal is worked out. Gladstone agrees to enter a coalition with his former rival in exchange for four cabinet posts, including Chancellor of the Exchequer for himself, along with a return to free trade and a commitment to further social reform. After his ferocious attacks on Disraeli during the Midlothian Campaign, the Liberals are not slow to criticise Gladstone's about face, with Chamberlain being particularly biting with his comments.
April 1880: The Japanese introduce the Murata rifle, their first indigenously produced and designed rifle as the Type 13 rifle. An 11mm single shot bolt action rifle designed by Murata Tsuneyoshi, the weapon is the equal of those in use by European powers.
April 1880: As a result of the University Education Act (Ireland) Act passed as part of Disraeli's policies of reform, the former Catholic University of Ireland is refounded as University College in Dublin. Not only is it open to anyone regardless of religion, it is also the first university in Ireland open to women.
May 1880: The new Buckingham Report into the administration of India commissioned in the wake of the radical and highly contentious Northbrook Report is released. As expected. It is far less extreme in it's recommendations and consequently incites less controversy. While like the Northbrook report does recommend increased Indian representation at the Presidency and Provincial level, the level it suggests fall far short of Lord Northbrook's suggestion and there is no mention of elected representatives. Lord Buckingham does agree that press censorship should be relaxed, but emphasises the risk of 'radicals' taking advantage to incite unrest. The report is highly critical of Lord Lytton's administration, suggesting greater Imperial government supervision, specifically that any legislation enacted by the central Indian Legislative Council should be reviewed by the Council of India and the Secretary of State for India before coming into effect. The reports most radical recommendation is that as far possible, most of the administration of India should be handled at the provincial level, with the central Indian controlling only things such as defence, railways and communications, economic development, maintenance of public order and the like. The Buckingham Report is Better received by the Conservative members of the coalition government than the earlier Northbrook Report and Disraeli begins work on drafting a new Government of India Bill to implement its recommendations.
June 1880: As part of Disraeli's agreement with Gladstone, a new Tariff Act is passed. The act returns to free trade regarding agricultural goods, but while reduced tariffs are retained on other good, as are the Imperial preference provisions. While disappointed at the partial nature of the act, Gladstone accepts it, regarding as simply the first step in a full return to free trade.
June 1880: The Chileans destroy the remnants of the regular Bolivian and Peruvian armies at the Battle of Arica, all but assuring victory in the War of the Pacific. While the Bolivian will essentially withdraw from the war at this point, the Peruvians however continue fighting.
July 1880: After their victories at Jalalabad and Kabul the British have been expanding their control over Afghanistan and order has been restored to much of the country, with it expected it will be finally pacified within a few months. The problem however has arisen as to Afghanistan's fate when war is finally over. The Progressives in the new coalition government are heavily pushing for Imperial forces to be withdrawn as soon as possible. Emir Mohammad Yaqub Khan is no longer regarded as a reliable or effective ruler. Considerable consideration is given to either partitioning the nation a number of smaller states or effectively bringing it under British colonial administration. Gladstone's Progressives utterly reject the later option and the former is eventually abandoned in favour of installing Mohammad Yaqub's younger brother Mohammad Ayub Khan as the new Emir. However the Treaty of Gandamak is replaced by the new Treaty of Kabul. Under its terms the Afghan Army is severely restricted in size, a new British resident will be installed to supervise the Emir's administration and an Imperial garrison will remain until such time as “full order has been restored.”
July 1880: The Imperial Conference is held in Montreal. The conference is attended by the Australian, Canadian, South African, and New Zealand colonies and Dominions along with the British. While the conference achieves little, it is hailed as a great success. The only practical outcomes are the Australian Dominions and New Zealand agree to pay £126,000 {£126,085} annually toward the Royal Navy in return for the British agreeing not to reduce the Pacific Squadron without their consent, along with that Queen Victoria's title should change to “Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, the Colonies and dependencies, and Empress of India.” There is much discussion about if another Imperial Conference should be held. Eventually it is decided another should be held in 1882 in Cape Town.
August 1880: After the debacles of the Zulu and First Boer War, Cape Colony Governor Henry Frere of Cape colony is recalled at Gladstone's demand to face investigation. The investigation will result in Frere's censure and the repudiation of Lord Carnarvon's policies of a confederation in southern Africa. His replacement, Hercules Robinson, will restore responsible government to the Cape Colony an attempt to re-establish peaceful relations with Transvaal.
August 1880: A new Elementary Education Act makes education compulsory until the age of 13 in England and Wales. The act retains the structure of the 1870 act, including school fees, but requires local councils to implement a by-law making attendance compulsory. However the controversial provision of the Blunt Amendment preventing school boards paying the fees of children attending church schools is defeated.
September 1880: During the Great Eastern War, Disraeli's decision to concentrate the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean significantly reduced the naval presence in Canadian waters. In order to ensure adequate enforcement of their territorial waters, particularly given the governments new focus on US intrusions into Canadian fisheries, MacDonald's government orders the formation of the Canadian Maritime Patrol Service under Department of Fisheries and Oceans. British offer two Amazon class sloops and four Beacon class gunboats to provide a foundation for the new service and dispatch a naval mission to train personnel.
October 1880: Julio Roca becomes president of Argentina. This begins the domination of Argentina by the National Autonomy Party which will last for decades. President Roca embarks a program of development of Argentina's agricultural and mining industries which will greatly increase the countries prosperity.
December 1880: Since the British victory in the Anglo-Zulu war ended the Zulu threat to Transvaal, the local Boers have become increasingly resentful of the British annexation. A minor incident between a Boer and British police sparks an uprising starting the First Boer War. The British garrison has been reduced to just two infantry battalions spread throughout the country which are quickly besieged.
January 1880: General Samuel Browne, with only around 250 Indian troops, 80 European civilians hastily drafted into service and some 2,000 loyal Afghans has been successfully holding off an Afghan army which now numbers around 20,000. With news of the approach of General Frederick Roberts Kabul Field Force, Mohammad Jan Khan takes approximately 12,000 men in an attempt to prevent the relief of the city. In the Battle of Jalalabad, Roberts will scatter Jan's force, clearing the was relieve Browne. However Kabul is far from secure and Roberts will establish an encampment at Sherpur, pending the arrival of reinforcements under General Charles Gough. Jan regroups and attempts and attempts to storm the encampment before Gough's arrival. After a ferocious battle Jan's forces are repulsed with heavy losses, securing Kabul. With the immediate situation secure, the British move to pacify the country,
January 1880: Since the the Guangxu Emperor beginning his education in Britain, a trend amongst reform minded middle and upper class Chinese has emerged toward having their children educated in Britain. This has led to the emergence of Zhǔnbèi xuéxiào, or readying schools in China. These are intended to prepare children for education in Britain. Along side them are the Yīngyǔ xuéxiào or English schools, which attempt to replicate an English Public School type education in China.
February 1880: The sailing ship Strathleven arrives in London from Sydney. Included in her cargo is 40 tons of frozen beef and mutton. While the spoilage rate of the meat is somewhat high, the voyage proves the viability of refrigerated shipping over long distances.
March 1880: Since 1877 British officer Charles Gordon has been employed by the Khedive of Egypt as Governor General of Sudan. Since his appointment he has been struggling to reform the region and put an end to slavery, the basis of the Sudanese economy. His every effort has been thwarted by local officials. Finally he resigns in frustration leaving the administration of Sudan to the Egyptian Muhammed Rauf Pasha.
April 1880: With the Liberals split between the radicals and Whigs, Disraeli calls an election. While Gladstone's Midlothian Campaign, combined with the economic downturn due to the Long Depression, has been very successful in undermining the Conservatives support, the split Liberal vote mutes its effect, The result is a hung parliament, with the Conservatives having 252 seats, the Liberals 189, Gladstone's Progressives 148 and the Irish Home Rule League 63. Disraeli considers calling a new election immediately will only yield a similar result, leading to several weeks of frantic negotiations in an attempt to form some kind of stable government. Eventual a deal is worked out. Gladstone agrees to enter a coalition with his former rival in exchange for four cabinet posts, including Chancellor of the Exchequer for himself, along with a return to free trade and a commitment to further social reform. After his ferocious attacks on Disraeli during the Midlothian Campaign, the Liberals are not slow to criticise Gladstone's about face, with Chamberlain being particularly biting with his comments.
April 1880: The Japanese introduce the Murata rifle, their first indigenously produced and designed rifle as the Type 13 rifle. An 11mm single shot bolt action rifle designed by Murata Tsuneyoshi, the weapon is the equal of those in use by European powers.
April 1880: As a result of the University Education Act (Ireland) Act passed as part of Disraeli's policies of reform, the former Catholic University of Ireland is refounded as University College in Dublin. Not only is it open to anyone regardless of religion, it is also the first university in Ireland open to women.
May 1880: The new Buckingham Report into the administration of India commissioned in the wake of the radical and highly contentious Northbrook Report is released. As expected. It is far less extreme in it's recommendations and consequently incites less controversy. While like the Northbrook report does recommend increased Indian representation at the Presidency and Provincial level, the level it suggests fall far short of Lord Northbrook's suggestion and there is no mention of elected representatives. Lord Buckingham does agree that press censorship should be relaxed, but emphasises the risk of 'radicals' taking advantage to incite unrest. The report is highly critical of Lord Lytton's administration, suggesting greater Imperial government supervision, specifically that any legislation enacted by the central Indian Legislative Council should be reviewed by the Council of India and the Secretary of State for India before coming into effect. The reports most radical recommendation is that as far possible, most of the administration of India should be handled at the provincial level, with the central Indian controlling only things such as defence, railways and communications, economic development, maintenance of public order and the like. The Buckingham Report is Better received by the Conservative members of the coalition government than the earlier Northbrook Report and Disraeli begins work on drafting a new Government of India Bill to implement its recommendations.
June 1880: As part of Disraeli's agreement with Gladstone, a new Tariff Act is passed. The act returns to free trade regarding agricultural goods, but while reduced tariffs are retained on other good, as are the Imperial preference provisions. While disappointed at the partial nature of the act, Gladstone accepts it, regarding as simply the first step in a full return to free trade.
June 1880: The Chileans destroy the remnants of the regular Bolivian and Peruvian armies at the Battle of Arica, all but assuring victory in the War of the Pacific. While the Bolivian will essentially withdraw from the war at this point, the Peruvians however continue fighting.
July 1880: After their victories at Jalalabad and Kabul the British have been expanding their control over Afghanistan and order has been restored to much of the country, with it expected it will be finally pacified within a few months. The problem however has arisen as to Afghanistan's fate when war is finally over. The Progressives in the new coalition government are heavily pushing for Imperial forces to be withdrawn as soon as possible. Emir Mohammad Yaqub Khan is no longer regarded as a reliable or effective ruler. Considerable consideration is given to either partitioning the nation a number of smaller states or effectively bringing it under British colonial administration. Gladstone's Progressives utterly reject the later option and the former is eventually abandoned in favour of installing Mohammad Yaqub's younger brother Mohammad Ayub Khan as the new Emir. However the Treaty of Gandamak is replaced by the new Treaty of Kabul. Under its terms the Afghan Army is severely restricted in size, a new British resident will be installed to supervise the Emir's administration and an Imperial garrison will remain until such time as “full order has been restored.”
July 1880: The Imperial Conference is held in Montreal. The conference is attended by the Australian, Canadian, South African, and New Zealand colonies and Dominions along with the British. While the conference achieves little, it is hailed as a great success. The only practical outcomes are the Australian Dominions and New Zealand agree to pay £126,000 {£126,085} annually toward the Royal Navy in return for the British agreeing not to reduce the Pacific Squadron without their consent, along with that Queen Victoria's title should change to “Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, the Colonies and dependencies, and Empress of India.” There is much discussion about if another Imperial Conference should be held. Eventually it is decided another should be held in 1882 in Cape Town.
August 1880: After the debacles of the Zulu and First Boer War, Cape Colony Governor Henry Frere of Cape colony is recalled at Gladstone's demand to face investigation. The investigation will result in Frere's censure and the repudiation of Lord Carnarvon's policies of a confederation in southern Africa. His replacement, Hercules Robinson, will restore responsible government to the Cape Colony an attempt to re-establish peaceful relations with Transvaal.
August 1880: A new Elementary Education Act makes education compulsory until the age of 13 in England and Wales. The act retains the structure of the 1870 act, including school fees, but requires local councils to implement a by-law making attendance compulsory. However the controversial provision of the Blunt Amendment preventing school boards paying the fees of children attending church schools is defeated.
September 1880: During the Great Eastern War, Disraeli's decision to concentrate the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean significantly reduced the naval presence in Canadian waters. In order to ensure adequate enforcement of their territorial waters, particularly given the governments new focus on US intrusions into Canadian fisheries, MacDonald's government orders the formation of the Canadian Maritime Patrol Service under Department of Fisheries and Oceans. British offer two Amazon class sloops and four Beacon class gunboats to provide a foundation for the new service and dispatch a naval mission to train personnel.
October 1880: Julio Roca becomes president of Argentina. This begins the domination of Argentina by the National Autonomy Party which will last for decades. President Roca embarks a program of development of Argentina's agricultural and mining industries which will greatly increase the countries prosperity.
December 1880: Since the British victory in the Anglo-Zulu war ended the Zulu threat to Transvaal, the local Boers have become increasingly resentful of the British annexation. A minor incident between a Boer and British police sparks an uprising starting the First Boer War. The British garrison has been reduced to just two infantry battalions spread throughout the country which are quickly besieged.
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