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Some previous posts have been deleted
By the end of November, the writing was clearly on the wall for Germany, for with the arrival of a formal declaration of war by the United States, any final hopes of an eventual victory, no matter how slender, were finally and completely dashed.
Just the fact that Hughes had become President so swiftly would show America’s resolve for joining the war as quickly as possible came as a shock to Germany. Hughes succession to President had been fast tracked by Wilson, in a way that even to the present time, while in essence it was procedurally acceptable, many have debated the moral legitimacy of the action.
Due to his belief that it would be detrimental to America to delay President-Elect Hughes’ swearing in to his new elected position - which if it followed precedence, would take up to four months - Wilson had previously decided upon a course of action to expedite Hughes’ course to office in the event that he did in fact win the election.
The plan would be simple and direct in its form, and with the confirmation of Hughes’ win, Wilson would appoint him as Secretary of State. Once Hughes had been sworn in, Both Wilson and Vice-President Marshall resigned, leaving the path clear for Hughes to assume the office of the President, so that by the end of November, President Hughes had been sworn in.
As the action was seen as an expedient necessity due to the war, and for the good of the nation, President Wilson made it clear to all Democrats that a swift transfer of power was needed, a very large majority of all sitting members in both the house and senate stood by Wilson’s choice of action, and the transition would move smoothly.
The only bit of holdback was that while even as Nominee, Hughes would be demanding a declaration of war, with all his efforts to speed the transfer of power, Wilson would leave any association with the declaration for Hughes, after he assumed the mantle of the Presidency.
In his first hours in the White House, asking for that declaration of war would be the new President’s first order of business.
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With the American declaration, those in power in Germany knew that there was no hope in any sort of a victorious outcome, and at best could only hope for fighting the Entente to a standstill before the coming large influx of American troops would be the disastrous finale for what had originally been seen as a winnable war.
Yet even as the first serious feelers would be put out to the Entente via contact between the respective German and British embassies in The Hague, with the assistance of the Dutch government, there would be no constructive result gained in the initial efforts.
There would be several reasons for the serious lack of initial progress, which was mainly to the fault of the German diplomatic group, which were initially under strict orders to seek out a relatively neutral settlement, whereby Germany would maintain her prewar borders. The Entente in turn was not really interested in treating at that point, as with what was known of Germany’s condition, along with the American declaration of war, the major members of the Entente were seeking out much harsher end results, results which Germany would not consider initially.
Germany had seen her allies either withdraw or collapse, and in the last weeks of fighting, had done her best to hold off the combined might of the balance of the Western World. However, in the end, with the destruction of the High Seas Fleet, followed by the failure of the U-Boat campaign and the rolling back of the Western Front, the closing act would be foisted on them.
Even though the Russian offensive in the east had been thrown back, and the French seemingly were an offensive pittance of their old selves, the Germans themselves were feeling the pinch. With food stocks low, and industry struggling to replace lost weapons and munitions, by the end of November, 1916, The German Army had well and truly shot its bolt, as far as offensive operations any time in the foreseeable future.
With no real hope to mount a serious defence, and with moral and supplies falling off, the German army moved back toward the Fatherland’s frontiers, shedding men, equipment, and supplies as they went. With their arrival to their final positions in Belgium and Luxembourg for their hoped for final defence, they had lost nearly 40% of their number, along with a large portion of their heavier equipment and weapons.
However, while the numbers were heavy, as with most withdrawals of that nature, those that had fallen out were the ones without hope, while those that remained were those with the drive and spirit to stay the course, and fight on no matter the cost.
Yet even as these stalwart men would man the partially finished defences, and prepare for the final stand, they had not the ability to mount the needed riposte to take the fight back to the enemy. That was the state of the German army by that point in time, abandoned by their allies, and hulked by heavy action, their formations were done, leaving the only hope in negotiations, and by their previous actions, their stance would hopefully give pause given pause to the advancing Entente forces, allowing for the negotiations to open. So, in the end, after the stubborn yet steady withdrawals of the summer and fall, the last of the Kaiser’s armies would attempt to deliver one last time for their Empire, when they took up positions at their final stop line, as the formal requests for armistice went out.
As the German army had been mauled, so to had the French, and while the French army would continue to attempt successful offensive action against their foe, between a lack of intelligent leadership, heavy casualties, and bad morale bordering on mutinous action, there was by the end of November of 1916, little hope of anything resembling a large-scale offensive by the French army in the immediate future.
The French would continue to lash out at the Germans in their usual semi controlled savagery, with no good coming from their action, other than the unneeded spillage of more French blood, and in the end, would be little more than a distraction to the Germans on the Western Front.
The Germans had made some attempts to begin an offensive action against the French, but found out early on that while the French offensive ability was nearly gone, they would defend their holdings with a tenacity that was as strong, if not stronger, that it had always been.
The British, along with their Belgian subordinates, the Germans found different. They had fought in their usual cold manner, all the way across Belgium, attacking into the German positions when heavily fortified, then dig in and wait for the Germans to expend themselves in their counter-attacks. If no counter attacks appeared, they would advance again.
While both the British and Belgians had taken their losses during the war so far, and the Belgian Army was in particular a much smaller version of its original self, the British army had been careful (at least in terms of French casualty lists) not to be drawn in to questionable French incompetent command actions that had chewed up the French army in the previous months of the war.
The down side of Great Britain’s choices in these matters was that the alienation between Great Britain and France – built upon the French belief that the British had allowed their army to be bled out while the British army lounged in Flanders – was becoming greater with each passing day. In the words of General Arthur Currie, Haig’s successor at the end of the war:
“That by the end of the war there was no question that the French thought very little of us. This fact was borne out by their interactions with us at every level, one that in the end would see us order all Commonwealth troops to stay out of not only French occupied areas of Germany, but France itself.
In their actions, deeds and finally statements in the weeks and months following the war, the more extremist elements in France would make known their opinion that Great Britain had chosen a strategy in the war whereby British forces were preserved at the expense of heavy French casualties.
Of course, nothing could be further from the truth, and while it is factual the everyone from Field Marshal Haig on down were strongly adamant that British troops should not be under direct tactical control of French generals, it was not to preserve them from their share of casualties, rather it was to protect them from the blatant incompetence of French leadership.
To say to the combined Commonwealth forces that we did not do our part in the Great War, is an insult to the nearly 600,000 fatalities, and over one million wounded who served in that war.”
There was an upside to the British refusal to have their troops under French command, and that would be borne out by the great Anglo-Belgian offensives in 1916, which eventually broke the back of the German army on the Western Front, and while truthfully, no one can be sure as to what the casualty lists of the British Empire might have looked like if the British High command had given in to French demands for direct control over British army units, not only would the empire casualties been significantly higher (some historians have suggested at least a half million more combined casualties), but as well, one would also wonder that the likes of Field Marshal Haig and other generals would have countenanced such needless destruction of life and limb.
One only has to look at Haig’s remarkable bond with the troops under his command - not only during the war, but after as well as seen in his tireless work on behalf of veterans and their survivors – to see that it would be inconceivable for ‘Old Pa’(as his troops called him) Haig would stand by quietly and let the men he was responsible for be butchered needlessly.
As importantly perhaps, is that if the British and Commonwealth forces fighting alongside them, had been savaged as badly as the French Army had been, the supposition has been put forth that there would not have been enough troops left over to provide both the numbers and experience for the proper successful completion of the great offenses across Belgium in 1916.
Whether such scenarios and hypothetical positions would have been true if played out, thankfully for those involved, we will never know. One fact however that is well known is that it was the skill of these Empire soldiers, well led, well trained and well supplied, that were the point of the spear that finally would seal the fate of the Kaiser’s empire.
Of particular interest was the innovative use of not only new tactics, but new weapons as well, and along with a higher level of training in the new ‘Bite and Hold’ tactics, along with the increasing numbers of both tanks and aeroplanes, The British army would set a new standard for tactical assault in breaching trench lines.
For the most part, these tactical actions were pretty straight forward, and under cover of creeping barrages and increasing numbers of tanks, theses assault troops would break in to the German positions, and after clearing them, they would wait for the counter attack, and do their utmost to keep the counter attacking Germans engaged, while their armoured cars and tanks would probe for weakness in the flanks, and then try to fix the German rear before they could get away.
For the most part, the Germans were much too wily to be caught out, and earlier on in the various advances, they would manage to get free before being snared. However, there were times that the British would gather in a battalion or even regiment, and twice on the withdrawal, they had managed much larger successes, the first in late September, when they had caught three corps just to the east of Brussels, and in the first days of November, when grabbing a bridge on the Meuse just to the north of Liege, they were able to swing south and trap the German 5th Army and supporting formations, pinning them against the Meuse. The loss of these formations, the last real reserve forces for the German Army in Belgium, was indeed the death knell for even the most extreme long hopes of turning back the advancing British armies, along with the fact that without significant reserves, it became harder and harder to break off and escape the advancing British forces.
The only thing that might have gathered in some forlorn hope of a stabilization of the line before the German frontier had been a hoped for defensible line brought about by a geographic shortening of the line brought about by a jog south in the Dutch frontier, where the remnants of the German army on the Western Front was now ensconced. For even as the German army was falling back skillfully in hopes of securing that line, even for a moderate term, Haig’s soldiers would not be denied their final victory.
In an unprecedented advance, the BEF, counting on the Germans belief that the Canadian and Anzac Corps would, as per the norm, lead any assault, would catch the Germans off the mark. The German high command had come to realize that the arrival of these Dominion Corps would be the harbinger of another offensive action, but in this final instance, the Germans would be led astray.
While the combined Canadian/ Anzac Corps would lead off as expected, it would only be long enough to draw in the attention and focus of the German defenders. By the time the Germans realized that something was amiss, it was far too late, as three days later, to the north and south of the Anzacs and Canadians, the BEF would burst through the German lines in front of them, and savagely tear the defenders asunder.
While at both ends of the line, the success of the attacking forces was unprecedented thus far in the war, it was in the south of the Anzac Corps, where the largest gains would be made by the two Corps of the Indian Army, which would scythe through the German defenders and lay open a gap in the defences, through which the bulk of three Cavalry Corps would pour into the German army’s rear areas.
Those German forces that managed to extract themselves, were either rolled back to the north, or wedged back toward the French lines around Verdun. While those moving north would try their best to remain coherent and reset a position before the Rhine would be reached, those being forced back to the south-east were simply looking to somehow survive. For these men, there was little to choose from other than making for the Fatherland as expeditiously as possible, as there was little hope in survival between the vengeful French army, and those stalwart men from the Indian sub continent.
Of particular note were the horrific stories spreading through the retiring German forces of the shadowy forms that would strike them in the night, with little regard for defences or sentries. The survivors would awake to find more of the comrades struck down by blade or other deadly means with each new sunrise.
For some, these brutal attacks would steel their resolve to stand firm to keep such terrors away from hearth and home, however for many more it simply reinforced the fact that in the choice between a surrender to the BEF under the sun’s rays, or a rather more brutal demise on the blade of a Nepalese mercenary in the employ of George V during the hours of darkness, the first option was indeed becoming more prevalent.
There was somewhat of an irony found by those who would lay down their arms and surrender, for while the Indian Corps would be noted for their savagery in combat, in accepting surrender, they would set an exemplary pattern of proper care, given the times. That would be compared to those who surrendered to the French, many of whom would face not only harsh treatment or worse, but in many cases not see Germany for many years after the war.
Even as the southern end of the German army was disintegrating, in the north, along the Dutch frontier, a less dramatic crumbling of the German line would soon be underway as well. When the German units pinned in place holding the Canadian and Anzac Corps were finally attempt to break free, those hardy Dominion troops would set upon them, and destroy any last hopes of a proper German withdrawal behind the Rhine for a last stand.
As the last of the German army was routed, survivors would flee back to the east, in hopes of safely reaching the east bank of the Rhine. Many would make that grueling trek, only to find that Empire forces would be waiting for them on either bank of the great river. Fully four out of every five men in the German army on the Western Front that dark and desperate fall of 1916, would not make it back to Germany, and those that did would be lucky to have their rifles and a few rounds of ammunition.
With British Empire forces at, or even in some cases across the Rhine, there was nothing more to be done, and the German government would finally approach the British government through the embassy in The Hague as to the acceptance of a practical armistice, whereby an end to the conflict might be arranged.
Knowing full well Germany’s condition, and with most of the Entente forces in the west still probing deeper into Germany, The Entente simply refused the request for armistice, and set forth the articles of surrender the Entente would provisionally accept at that point. The German government would mull these over for two more days, then notify the Entente through the Dutch embassy of their acceptance of the Entente terms, and request a final directive for meetings and directives.
While the peripheral actions of what had become known as ‘The Great War’ would carry on for years, and even decades, in some cases, the main battlefields of the great Western and Eastern fronts fell silent; as the victors set about to settle the peace.