British Florida: the TL

The Sports Post (Leisure and Recreation in Florida to 1914)
  • Ok so I've discussed this to some extent in two non-threadmarked posts, so might as well get this one of my chest. (The education post is still coming)

    In the early days of Florida society, like in Britain, Canada, or Australia, the only "formal" sport to be played is cricket. As in the West Indies, the sport was not only the preserve of the white plantation-owning class, but it also rapidly grew in popularity among the enslaved population, not least of which because enslaved persons who can Throw A Ball Real Good are often to find themselves on their plantation owner's team, and therefore not being worked as hard, or as long, getting some travel perks and fed better.

    Cricket was popular for gambling, which was widespread among the "leisured" class who have the privilege of owning large estates without having to be often engaged in physical labour on them. Card games were fashionable for gambling, and races of various kinds. The 1830s brought a variety of football codes, still not quite differentiated between rugby and football. It also brought the end of slavery, and the diversification of the formerly plantation-dominated economy.

    With access to the southern US agricultural economy, raising of cattle and horses for export would increase from this time. These exports would halt entirely during the American Civil War; but they would boom in the years following, as the south had been devastated and the need for animals vastly outstripped domestic supply.

    So, possibly before even the Kentucky Derby is first run (in 1872), we see the emergence of Florida Derby, which would remain an important part of the St. Augustine social calendar into the 21st century, and in the second half of the twentieth century, increasingly became seen as the preeminent upscale fashion event for women of colour in the Americas.

    The first codified football rules were written in Britain in the 1850s through 1870s, as the old boys from various public schools (meaning, in North America, private schools) wrote laws that would allow them to play against each other at University. This process was mostly completed by 1871, with Football and Rugby being strongly differentiated to observers at them time and recognisable to modern observers. In England, this was followed by the first FA Cup season in 1871-72.

    The first football Cup outside of the Home Nations IOTL was the Dominion FA Cup (in Canada), first played in 1877. Florida's started only a few seasons after. After the Football League was launched with 12 professional clubs in the Northwest of England in 1888-89, it didn't take long for Florida to follow, although the League, based in and around St. Augustine initially, would begin as an amateur league and remain semi-professional decades, even as the geographical scope of the league expanded and the quality of play improved.

    Similar to the process that happened contemporaneously with football, A Montreal dentist had similarly codified the traditional Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) game of tewa'araton, calling it by the French name for the stick used, La Crosse. It's position as an indigenous game led to an explosion in popularity after Canadian confederation, and by the 1880s Lacrosse was the most popular spectator sport in Canada, and had become quite popular in the Northeastern USA at the collegiate level as well. Lacrosse clubs were formed in Manchester, England and Melbourne, Australia by 1876. Florida, with a substantial Canadian expatriate population, is unlikely to escape this trend and in fact probably sees a Lacrosse club formed earlier than 1876. Because of its proximity to the East Coast heartland of the Sport, and because the indigenous people of North Florida play a similar game, Lacrosse would develop a level of popularity in Florida which was greater than that in England or Australia, and prior to the outbreak of World War I, would have been one of the major spectator sports in the country.

    The end of the American Civil War brought about a rise in the popularity of baseball throughout the USA, as well as an rapid increase in the number of American tourists and investors in Florida, which contributed to its increasing popularity around this time, as well. However, the possibility of joining cross-border leagues for Floridian teams was eliminated by the introduction of racial segregation in pro baseball in the USA during the 1880s and 1890s. From this time, because of Florida's small population and lack of formal segregation, Floridian baseball teams would compete in the various leagues at the time which were created to for teams featuring non-white athletes (and crowds).

    American Football gradually developed out of Rugby Union, after Harvard were first exposed during a match against McGill (the legend goes that the Harvard Football Club arranged a match against the McGill Football Club, and when McGill arrived in Harvard with 15 men and an oval ball, they had to adapt to the smaller field of the Harvard common, and reduce the number of men to 11 as Harvard was actually a football (soccer) team. This is supported by the fact that the modern NFL field is 120 yards (including end zones) by 53 yards - the exact dimensions of Harvard common, and significantly shorter and narrower than a CFL field).

    During the earliest period, from 1869-1882 inclusive, the sport was largely rugby union, but rules introduced by Walter Camp from 1883 marked a turning point for the sport, as "touchdowns" became more valued than goals, "down-and-distance" requirements replaced scrums, and eventually the forward pass was introduced. Meanwhile, the sport spread from its Ivy League heartland. The first match played in the south was in Virginia in 1873. A university in Kentucky organized a team in 1880. By 1888, it was played in North Carolina, 1890 in Tenneessee, and by 1894 a Southern Collegiate Athletic Association was formed including teams from Alabama and Georgia. Again, however, due to the segregated nature of these American universities, who were also substantially larger than their Floridian equivalents, the move toward adaption of "American Rugby Football" is significantly muted in Florida by comparison with Canada, where a hybrid version of Rugby-Gridiron became one of the country's dominant sports in the early decades of the twentieth century.

    Sport was, by the turn of the century, often divided by class, location or ethnicity, with American sports most popular in the areas along the border, rugby and lacrosse the domain of the universities, horse racing predominant amongst the upper classes, and football (soccer) gaining in popularity in the industrializing new towns that were springing up in Central Florida and around Tampa Bay. This trend would be exacerbated after the turn of the century with the influx of European migrants. Cricket, although centered at the St. Augustine Cricket Ground, enjoyed a level of popularity everywhere and amongst every class and race (with the notable exception of recent European immigrants) that allowed it to remain the "National Game" long after its popularity was eclipsed. (Although as of 1914, it's still the most popular sport in the country).
     
    Last edited:
    Some Notes on Education.
  • IOTL, Zephaniah Kingsley Sr was among 7 Loyalists settlers of New Brunswick who signed a petition requesting the establishment of an Academy for the new colony of New Brunswick. It followed a similar development course to what would become the University of Toronto, and serves as a model for how early higher education may play out in Florida.

    ITTL, Zephaniah Kingsley is in Florida and not New Brunswick. Florida's population at the time is similar to New Brunswick's, however the New Brunswick settler population is predominately European, whereas Europeans are only around 1/3 of Florida's population.

    Still, the early days are likely to be similar - and so an Academy of Liberal Arts and Sciences is founded in St. Augustine in the 1780s or 1790s. In the first half of the 19th century, it is likely to gain a charter from the colonial legislature, allowing it to become the College of St. Augustine, before it obtains a Royal Charter and becomes King's College, St. Augustine. Ironically, shortly after receiving Royal Charter, the Legislature is likely to be transformed into a non-denominational college by colonial legislature.

    Below this level was initially private instruction, often supported by philanthropy or religious institutions. When the legislature grants a charter to the College in the early 1800s, it is also likely to establish a "Grammar School" for each of the Floridian districts (in Pensacola, St. Mark's, St. Augustine and New Smyrna) which serve to educate the elite of the colony (and the West Indies more broadly) and prepare them for attendance at the College.

    IOTL, the first Royal Charter for a dissenting religion was granted to in 1844 to Victoria College, a Methodist institution that is now part of the University of Toronto.

    By the turn of the century, the maritime provinces would have Collefes for Anglicans, Methodists, Baptists, several for Catholics of the Anglo and Francophone variety, as well as Dalhousie which was officially non-denominational but founded by and associated with Presbyterians.

    Quebec likewise had separate Anglo and Francophone Catholic colleges, a nondenominational/Presbyterian College (McGill), as well as an Anglican institution (Bishop's).

    Ontario had all these represented as well as, uniquely, a bilingual Catholic institution in Ottawa, an outright Presbyterian university at Queen's, and 2 Methodist universities, one for British Methodists and one for American methodists founded a decade later, as Methodism was the predominant religion in Ontario at the time.

    Following this, I would expect Florida, by the turn of the century, to have, in addition to the University if St. Augustine (formerly King's College), likely colleges for at least the Methodist and Baptist communities. Probably 2 or more Catholic colleges, including a French language or bilingual one at Pensacola (which will become the University of Pensacola in time), as well as I believe at least one "Historically black" college affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. A Presbyterian college is possible, but I think a nondenominational college is more likely.

    Any of these religious colleges in the St. Augustine area would likely be slowly incorporated into the UofSA, as happened in Toronto. Also, as in Toronto, when the legislative assembly "secularized" (really nondenominationalized as it was still very Christian) the U of T, upset Anglicans would create in the following decades two institutions for the elite sons of the colony, the High-Church Trinity College in Toronto and the Low Church Huron College (eventually U of Western Ontsrio), quickly nicknamed "Country Club U".

    The population likely won't be sufficient for two colleges in Florida, bu especially as Florida will draw students from the elite of the West Indies as well, I suspect that a Trinity or UWO style Anglixan institution might form, to try to emulate Oxbridge where the UofSA is more like the U of London.

    General public education came to the forefront after the abolition of slavery, as we have seen the several prominent abolitionists felt that education must go hand in hand with emancipation.

    The Afro-Floridians themselves, as largely Evangelical Christians, also emphasize education for biblical literacy, as well as for social advancement.

    Each Church likely develops it's own network of schools, but after emancipation the impetus for systematized education is greatly increased. The increasingly industrialization would contribute to this as well.

    We may even see a system of government funded public schools develop in Florida before they did in Ontario (1850), and certainly before they did in England (1870s). Meanwhile, although Florida is behind the northern USA, education , especially for people of colour, gains significantly in Florida on their Georgian and Alabamian counterparts.

    This will make Florida a draw for African-American students, especially in the decades after emancipation.

    As for segregated schools - I don't suspect that there will be wide-scale segregation on a "national" level, but as in Canada, "separation" by religion, race and language could absolutely exist in individual school boards. Ontario's last segregated school for black students closed in 1965.

    As the wealthiest people of the colonies avoid sending their children to the public schools at his point, and Florida's long history of diversity is likely to reduce some ethnic and racial tension, I can see segregation being defacto eliminated slowly over the decades of the early twentieth century if not earlier.
     
    Last edited:
    The lead up to War: Imperial Conferences and the "Tin-Pot Navy"
  • 1887 was the first "Colonial Conference", held in London. It was a deliberative body with non-binding resolutions. All self-governing colonies at the time (which included the yet-to-be-federated Australian colonies, Newfoundland, Cape Colony, Natal, and, ITTL, Florida) were represented; however only Queensland, Newfoundland and South Australia sent their Premier.

    The Australasian colonies agreed to pay 126,000 pound per annum to the Royal Navy, in exchange, the British government agreed not to reduce the Pacific Station without colonial consent.

    A proposal to lay a telegraph cable between Vancouver, Canada, and Australia was accepted. A new, longer title for Queen Victoria was approved.

    The second conference was held in 1894 in Ottawa, and continued discussions about the telegraph cable, which would become part of the "All Red Line" to link the British Empire. The opening ceremonies took place in the Canadian Senate buildings. Legend has it this was the last thing ever completed in the red chamber. (/s)

    All of the self-governing colonies were invited to send representatives, with the exception of Newfoundland for some reason. WA and Natal declined, as did Fiji, who were non-self-governing but invited because of their location of the Vancouver-Brisbane route.

    At this Conference, no Premiers were present. The Canadian delegation proposed a resolution favouring Imperial Preference in trade within the Empire; this was opposed by NSW and Queensland, due to concerns this would negatively impact their protective tariffs, which they felt were important to promote industrialization and manufacturing.

    the 1897 conference was held in London. This time, all self-governing colonies sent delegates, including Newfoundland. This time, every colony was represented by their Premier/Prime Minister. The UK was represented by Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain, and the event was hosted by Queen Victoria.

    Chamberlain proposed a permanent Imperial Council of colonial delegates; but the colonies feared loss of sovereignty. He also proposed an increase in their contributions to the Royal Navy, but no permanent arrangements were made. Finally, Chamberlain proposed a Customs Union between the colonies and the UK, while Canada reiterated their preferential trade idea, but nothing was agreed on.

    The 1902 Conference was honestly more of the same. Chamberlain reiterated his proposals, no one agreed to anything.

    In 1907, the self governing colonies gained Dominion status. Irish and Indian Home Rule were discussed, as was Imperial Preference. Guess how much was accomplished?

    In 1911, King George V is crowned. The Imperial Council was proposed again, this time by NZ PM Joseph Ward. This time, it was the UK who feared losing sovereignty. Britain agreed to consult with dominions when preparing proposals for International Peace Conferences. Australia expressed concern at growing naval power of Japan; the UK agreed to consult with Australia when negotiating renewal of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. It also agrreed to consult with SA about negotiations with Germany regarding colonies in Africa.

    So where was Florida in all this? Well, I'll answer next break.
     
    Last edited:
    Florida in the Conferences & the "Tin-Pot Navy"
  • Ok this is going to involve a minor ret-con:

    My research had indicated that Britain had plans, in a hypothetical post-ARW world where they retained to Florida, to have St. Augustine and Halifax act as "twin pillars" of the Royal Navy in America, the North America and West Indies station.

    I then speculated that, as IOTL, the St. Augustine naval base would still be moved to Bermuda. I now think this is incorrect, as although the strategic location of Bermuda is fantastic, it's also quite isolated, and a small island which historically struggled to feed itself. Retaining the base in St. Augustine makes much more sense.

    As such, I believe that Florida would likely join Australia & New Zealand in offering payments - lets say maybe 25-30,000 pounds pa, to the Royal Navy, in exchange for consultation before Britain reduces the North America and West Indies station. This arrangement would begin at the 1887 conference. Florida would not likely be able to change much of the calculus in the Imperial Conferences, which accomplished little anyway, but they would likely watch with some amusement as Canada decides how to approach the situation:

    Wilfrid Laurier was Canada’s first French-Canadian Prime Minister, and only the second Liberal premier elected in its history, as the Conservatives dominated the early period of Confederation. The Liberal party at the time was probably most comparable to the Republican party in the USA (of the time), and was primarily distinguished from the Conservatives by support from religious minorities and a generally pro-USA, as opposed to pro-Britain, position on trade and politics. As noted above, the various conferences involved the UK repeatedly asking Canada to contribute more to Imperial defense. Canada wasn’t super keen on contributing to the RN, as they needed to focus their defense (they believed) on a land invasion from the USA. In an attempt to compromise his party’s ideology with the popularity of British nationalism in Canada, Laurier proposed the Naval Service Act of 1910, to provide a navy for Canada, which would in theory satisfy French Canadian nationalists by not further contributing to the Royal Navy, but also satisfy British nationalists by reducing the spend of the RN.

    As is usual in a good compromise, no one was happy, and although the law was passed and remained in effect until 1950, it brought down Laurier’s government, and Robert Borden, who derided the NSA as a plan for a “Tin-pot Navy”, was elected in 1911.

    Meanwhile, Florida's primary military goals before WWI would involve continually negotiation more funds to the RN to keep them, their ships and sailors at the naval base in St. Augustine.

    Furthermore, with construction on the Panama Canal beginning in 1904 and, the canal opening on August 15, 1914, Britain would likely see revived interest in the West Indies, and the Danish West Indies may become a target for Flurregion politicians looking to control access to the WIndies and therefore the Canal. It would also change shipping patterns and drastically cut the travel time from Europe to Pacific Asia. This increased traffic was an economic boon to the West Indies, although, due to some damned fool thing in the Balkans, these impacts wouldn't be felt for a few years yet.
     
    From Forced Labour to Labour Force: Post Emancipation Developments in the British West Indies

  • Systems of Domination after Slavery: The Control of Land and Labor in the British West Indies after 1838​

    O. Nigel Bolland
    Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Oct., 1981), pp. 591-619 (29 pages)

    Just finished reading the above article (available on jstor), and it gave me some valuable insight into the development of the freedmen in Florida.

    The article is a survey of the British West Indies, and it discusses the relative successes and failures in West Indian' colonies turning their formerly enslaved populations into a captive, sharecropping tenant class, as was done in the southern US after the American Civil War.

    Initially, the plantocracy resorted to legal forms of coercion. A typical reaction to emancipation can be seen in the Antiguan Assembly's new-found enthusiasm for contract law.

    Yes, of course, in a new, free society, enforcing contracts are the lynchpin of society. Contracts needn't be signed by both parties to be legally binding, of course - a verbal contract, with two witnesses, becomes binding. (So, if a plantation owner's two overseers both heard you say that you'd be work for the plantation owner tomorrow, you have a legally-binding contract to do so...).

    If you have a contract to work for an employer, and absent yourself for a day with a reasonable excuse, you are not entitled to pay for that day. (No sick days - not entirely unexpected in the mid-19th century).

    If you are absent without a reasonable excuse (the court determines reasonableness) for "less than half a day", the whole day's wages are forfeited, to ensure promptness.

    If you are absent two days in a two-week period, you owe one weeks labour to your employer OR one week's imprisonment and hard labour at public works.

    Drunkenness, careless use of fire, or abuse of cattle, amongst other crimes, could result in 3 months labour to your employer or imprisonent and hard labour at public works.

    The maximum punishment for an employer for contract violations was a 5-pound fine.

    Work contracts typically stipulated working 9 hours a day, 6 days a week - although some would only offer a day off every two weeks, and women were usually worked only 5 days per week and 7 or 8 hours. It largely depended on which colony you were in and who you were working for.

    In the end, the Colonial Office would intervene and mitigate against the worst excesses of the acts being passed in Antigua and elsewhere (such as Florida) - verbal contracts, after British intervention, would last for a year only and be terminable with a month's notice by either party; occupation of a tenement would be considered evidence of the existence of a contract between a tenant & landlord. The wage/rent system was the method used by most plantocracies to try to control their population post-emancipation.

    During slavery, the enslaved persons had access to most of the plantation to use for provisioning their personal plots, which included small gardens planted and tended themselves, and their family homes, often built by themselves.

    As freedmen, they fond that they now had to pay rent to access these. Employer-landlords could thus reduce labour costs by charging rent, or by lowering wages in lieu of charging rent, and could also use threat of eviction if the work performed was not up to the "master's" satisfaction.

    The results were quite mixed - in some colonies, such as Barbados, or St. Kitt's, with very high population densities, the plantocracy maintained virtually complete control over access to land, and were therefore more successful at transitioning the population to tenant-farmers. Two decades after emancipation, between 1/3 and one half of the former enslaved were working as tenant-labourers on their former plantations, typically paying rent which amounted to between 1/3 and 1/2 their wages. (And rent was often charged per capita on every man, woman and child in the household as a form of extractive penalty).

    In colonies such as Guyana or Trinidad, with significantly lower population densities, and significantly more available arable land, only 10-20% of the former enslaved would continue to be engaged in tenant plantation agriculture, and when they did so, they paid substantially less in rent, around 20% of their wages. In these colonies, wages tended to be higher (around 10 pence a day), and land costs lower (as cheap as 1 pound per acre), so smallholdings grew substantially.

    The lack of ability to control labour through wage-rents in Trinidad and Guyana meant an increasing reliance on wage labour, and this led to the importation of substantial amounts of Indian labour that could be controlled/coereced through arrangements made by the contracting companies in India.

    The amount of compensation paid out per slave to the colonies seems to be correlated by the number of emancipated - Jamaican and Barbadian planters receiving on average just under 20 pound per slave in compensation, while slavers in Belize, a timber source rather than an agricultural colony (with only around 1000 slaves, virtually all working-age adults, and over 60% male) were paid out more than 50 pound per slave.

    It's hard to know for certain exactly how this would play out, but Florida's population is not likely to be very large in the mid 19th century (in 1865, Jamaica has a population of around 300,000. OTL Florida had around 140,000 in 1860; TTL could be anywhere from 70,000-140,000 in 1860, and I suspect around 60% black).

    With very low population densities and huge tracts of arable land, one upside for our freedmen is likely some of the best (or, to be fair, least bad) working conditions in the West Indies. The ability to control labour through wage-rents is likely quite low, and with the relatively high numbers of white settlers, and an anticipated higher than average amount of compensation, I suspect that Florida experiences rudimentary industrialization in a way that other West Indian colonies do not.

    There will still be the importation of Indian and Chinese labour; however, because Florida is mostly subtropical, (and, by 1860, was still not really settled south of the northern end of Tampa Bay), Florida will also see substantial amounts of Irish and southern European contract labour.
     
    Crib notes on WWI
  • Ok, I think that in the long-run (like, the once I've actually finished a TL-run), WWI-era Florida ITTL deserves a deep dive. I think that to get across the line, the best thing to do is to forge forward with a rough TL and then revisit and retcon as necessary.

    Florida in 1914

    This year would mark, in retrospect, the end of an era in Florida. It marked the end or reversal of many trends and the beginnings of several new ones; ushering in a new order, new politics and a new economic basis for the country.

    Beginning in the 1880s, the traditional immigrant sources (Britain, the Empire but especially the West Indies and Canada, and the USA), were joined by Cubans leaving their country in the throes of civil war; southern Italians as part of that country's massive release of population, and Greek sponge-fisherman attracted to the waters between Bahamas and Florida, as the absorbent and porous and yellow properties became widely desired in upper-class homes. Additionally, Ashkenazi Jews had begun to arrive from Eastern Europe, fleeing the pogroms there. This new influx led to a movement in the 1890s by Floridian politicians - stealing the idea concurrently being developed in Latin America - Florida would encourage immigration of European migrants as part of a "Whitening" of the nation. This would "improve the stock" [sic] of the population, according to then-popular (and completely erroneous) racial theories of the time.

    As late as 1880, the population remained roughly 60% black and 40% white, if viewed in narrow binary racial terms. Of course, there was a small remaining Seminole population, a substantial portion of both "black" and "white" populations were in fact mixed-race, in addition to the French Creole population which remained important in the area around Pensacola; and there was a small extant Asian community (predominately Indian and Chinese) as well. By the summer of 1914, nearly one-third of Florida's approximately 450,000 inhabitants were immigrants; a majority of the immigrants at the time had come from Europe, and the population had a slim white majority, although still over 40% "black".

    The war would change all that. The conflict in Europe and submarine attacks virtually ended all transatlantic immigration for the time being. In addition, thousands of recent European immigrants headed home to join the conflict (or to the USA to avoid it). The locally-born whites joined the British or Canadian forces in enthusiastic numbers; although initially Floridians of colour were barred from enlisting. This would be overturned shortly, but the West India legions, while serving valiantly on the front lines, were deemed ineligible for combat. To make up for the shortage of labour during the war, many African-Americans and West Indians were brought in as temporary migrant workers to replace those who had gone abroad. Although they would mostly lose their jobs when the war ended and the previous jobholders' returned, a significant number of the Europeans who left Florida during this time period wouldn't return. Furthermore, considering that many of the African-Americans or West Indians had faced resistance from authorities when attempting to migrate to Florida for work, even those who lost their jobs at the end of the war were inclined to stay put, rather than return to the uncertain economic circumstances in the West Indies, or to segregated and subjugated society of the southern US.

    Due to the larger numbers of Europeans who left during WWI, and the substantial immigration of African-Americans and West Indians during this time, the summer of 1914 would mark a temporary peak in the "Whitening" of Florida.

    August 15th, 1914, was also the date of completion of the Panama Canal, meaning that trade with (and immigration from) Asia could increase and partially offset losses due to the decline of transatlantic commerce.

    In fact, the business class of Florida had much lauded the opening of the Canal, seeing it as potentially transformational to the regional economy.

    Floridian businessmen had been advertising as a vacation destination since at least the 1850s, but in 1914 the country was still quite underdeveloped in that regard. With the war ending transatlantic travel and cutting off the wealthy Americans from their holiday destinations in Europe and the Mediterranean, Florida was there to soak it in. The period of the war saw record-breaking numbers of tourists and led to a construction boom, and an increase in investment by American businessmen, who had their interest piqued in their previously little-though of neighbour.

    The end of the war and the slowing of the global economy could have led to a severe decrease in Florida tourism. However, two factors worked in Florida's favour: firstly, Europe still remained largely ravaged by war, so it would take time for the hospitality industry to hit full swing again. In fact, with so much of Europe laying in ruins, the resumption of transatlantic travel in fact allowed many wealthy Europeans to travel to Florida to see what all the fuss was about. But most importantly, proposed during the war but not taking effect until January 1st, 1920, was the Prohibition of the production and sale of alcohol in the United States. Florida, sharing a land border with the USA, with numerous rail links, with mild weather year-round, and with alcohol still legal for purchase and consumption, became the destination of choice for Americans of all classes of traveller in the decade after WWI.
     
    Last edited:
    "A Rising Tide Lifts All Boats" (and masks underlying issues) - Florida in the 1920s
  • Note: much of the section on the Motion Picture industry is taken from the Wikipedia page on "History of Jacksonville"

    The abrupt end to the war-time economy threw the world for a loop. It led to unprecedented labour unrest throughout the west from 1919 through 1921; this was viewed with increasing anxiety due to the success, in 1917, of the world's first "Socialist" revolution in the former Russian Empire.

    Florida was no exception, and labour unrest was dealt with swiftly and brutally. In fact, the ferocity with which the strikes were put down by Floridian capital drew glancing eyes from the metropole. There was often a substantial racial component to the conflict, as well. This nascent labour movement, largely black, coincided with the peak of the suffragette movement, largely white, and although both were viewed with suspicion by the conservative upper classes, the two movements often had conflicting goals. Working men of all colours were appalled at the thought of ladies - any ladies getting the vote before they did. Likewise, wealthy white women of breeding and property were loathe to be in any way socially inferior to working class brown and black men.

    But as trade resumed, work adjusted and purchasing power was restored, and the booming Floridian economy, backed by ever-increasing numbers of tourists, primarily from the USA, meant that social issues which looked sure to boil over in 1919 had largely simmered by 1922. The political classes had taken notice, however, and the 1920s became the first major decade of "Progressive Florida". Political, economic and social reforms were suggested and debated that had hitherto been taboo. The House of Assembly, still restricted by property qualifications and overwhelmingly white, resisted in even any minor reforms. Rather than attempt to placate the rabble, the Floridian Assemblymen feared that any concession would lead to an unravelling of the privileged positions they held. The promise of reform and threat of violent reprisal would be the modus operandi of the Floridian government towards its own populous in this decade.

    For the common man, however, the 1920s may have been the first time when Florida seemed truly alive. Thanks to Prohibition in the USA, not only were Florida's beach hotels and resorts filled with holiday-going families, but any place selling alcohol within a few miles of the American border was liable to packed, from open to close, with tipplers.

    During the mid 1920s, Canada and the USA adopted exclusionary immigration quotas, which had the effect of sending some would-be migrants, particularly non-whites and southern and eastern Europeans, to Florida. The gentle uptick in immigration, busy tourist establishments, and influx of American investors created the perfect storm for the Florida Land Boom. Investors flocked to the southeast Florida coast - an area previously inhabited mostly by Seminoles and itinerant fisherman from the Bahama Islands or Cuba. The middle years of the decade saw a huge influx of cash and population into the area as new cities and suburbs developed seemingly overnight. The focus of settlement was the area where the Maiyami river entered into Bay Biscayne. Poor understanding of the climate of the region led to the burst of the real estate bubble - an enormous Hurricane devastated the area in 1926 and ended numerous developments instantly. It took months to clean up the damage left by the storm, and more than a year to rebuild, by which time the American investors had largely turned their attention elsewhere.

    The 1926 Hurricane, and the smaller 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane, which made landfall at Palm Beach, also ended the initial plans, developed by a pair of New York-based millionaires with investments in the nascent Motion Picture industry. They had plans to construct "Picture City" at Hobe Sound, just north of Palm Beach.

    Motion pictures had come to be big business in Florida. Prior to the development of Hollywood, the motion picture industry was based in Fort Lee, New Jersey. The New York-based Kalem Studios had first opened a winter headquarters in St. Augustine prior to WWI, attracted by its warm climate, rail access (as large, bulky and expensive equipment would require transport), and cheap labour. Kalem Studios would shortly thereafter build a studio in California as well, but by the early 1920s there were more than 30 silent film companies with studios in St. Augustine, earning the city the nickname, briefly, of "The Winter Film Capital of the World". St. Augustine, and Florida, were especially important for representation of African-Americans (and Floridians) in early film. Unlike the degrading parts on offer in films such as "The Birth of a Nation", Floridian directors often created positive stories featuring black Americans and Floridians in a wider variety of roles.

    Not everyone felt that Motion Picture making was glamorous. The staged car chases, bank robberies, and fire alarms in public places, increasingly drew the ire of the conservative political class of St. Augustine. In the early 1920s, a conservative Mayor was elected vowing to clean the city of the industry, and began efforts in this regard.

    The motion picture industry, coming from America, was increasingly popular throughout the world. By the end of WWI, over 70% of all films being shown in the United Kingdom were American imports. In 1927, UK Parliament passed a law which limited the number of imported pictures which could be shown in theatres. Films produced in the Dominions or colonies of the Empire were exempted.

    This restriction created renewed interest in companies establishing permanent facilities in Florida, which would allow them to access the UK market. The idea of "Picture City" was revived, but this time with a new location. A new site was chosen - it had to be in-land, but south of the frost line. A local predilection for theatre would be helpful; but more important were open lands so that the new Picture City could develop without interference from citizens dependent on other industries. In the end, the site for Picture City was chosen - a small agricultural settlement in Central Florida, a short drive from the coast, surrounded by swamp land, and allegedly named after a character in a Shakespeare play (which explains the street names such as Rosalind or Desdemona). The law against imported films remained in the UK until 1938, but "Picture City" and Orlando were on the map for good.

    In 1921, the Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which was called the "black wall street" for the propensity of successful African-American owned businesses, was destroyed by a white mob. IOTL, a similar incident occurred in Florida, albeit in a smaller community:


    ITTL, we will be able to avoid the most egregious acts of terror in the nadir of race relations. While there is, in fact, quite a bit of evidence of Canadian governments bulldozing black communities, there doesn't seem to be any history of Canadian white citizens burning down black towns - and a few of them exist.

    So in the 1920s, dismayed at lack of opportunities elsewhere, enterprising African-Americans begin making their way to Florida. By the end of the 1920s, "Black Wall Street" referred to Bay Street in St. Augustine.
     
    Last edited:
    "Or does it explode?" - Florida in the dirty 30s
  • "What happens to a dream deferred?

    Does it dry up
    like a raisin in the sun?
    Or fester like a sore--
    And then run?
    Does it stink like rotten meat?
    Or crust and sugar over--
    like a syrupy sweet?

    Maybe it just sags
    like a heavy load.

    Or does it explode?"

    -- "Harlem" by Langston Hughes


    Enough butterflies have occurred that we won't need to pinpoint a date for the Stock market crash - but there were plenty of factors at play suggesting that an overheated and under-regulated stock market bubble would burst eventually. Let's call it 1930 ITTL.

    With Florida's economy less directly tied to the American one, the impact of the stock market collapse of (OTL 1929-1932) isn't as immediately impactful; but the knock-on effects are substantial as the swarm of American tourists died down to a trickle over the ensuing years, especially after the repeal of Prohibition (c. 1933) provided other options closer to home.

    In addition, plenty of Floridians had previously been employed in the USA and Canada, who were sent home by the hundreds if not thousands when work dried up, adding to the growing numbers without work in Florida. The House of Assembly passed their own laws restricting immigration for the first time. Some recalled the scenes of the early twenties; as increasing numbers of voteless and jobless young men gathered in the streets, increasingly angry. The suffragette movement moved to the front again as the governing Liberal party seemed incapable of doing anything to ameliorate the situation, which continued to get worse.

    Old debates from the 1920s about constitutional reform resurfaced. The increasingly volatile situation threatened to further hurt tourism; which was a primary source of foreign currency for the government and the local elite.

    The role of the Governor was reduced (from the British end) by the Statue of Westminster in 1931; the Governor would now represent the Crown in Florida, not the British Government, and so a new High Commissioner was sent from the UK.

    Debate over whether the Governor, now referred to as a Governor-General in line with Florida's Dominion status, should continue to appoint the Legislative Council (Upper House) raged, as well as the property qualifications for both Houses.

    In face of mounting public pressure and seeming government deadlock, the Florida Parliament managed to narrowly pass a measure which would eliminate property qualifications for voting for the Lower House. It only applied to men, and did not effect the (higher still) property qualifications to stand for election or be appointed to the Upper House. The controversy over the property qualification divided the governing Liberals, and a break away faction, primarily from the Liberals' mixed-race members, formed, calling themselves the Progressives and openly advocating for the elimination of all property qualifications in both houses, as well as aligning with the suffragettes.

    In any event, this concession captured the imagination of the common Floridian, and during the 1932 election an unprecedented number of Political parties gained representation.

    In a Lower House of 60 members, the largest share was won by the former opposition party, the Conservatives, with 19 seats. The formerly governing Liberals suffered enormously, and returned only 13 members, the same number returned by the breakaway Progressives

    There remained a few independent and socialist members, but also the emergence of both Labour (winning 10 seats), and the Florida Farmer's Union, which won 4.

    With the government left hanging in the balance, the Progressives entered a busy period of coalition-building. Having split so recently from the Liberals, it must have seemed natural to their leadership that they may reunite to keep the old enemies, especially the Conservatives and Socialists, out of power.

    But the split had been especially acrimonious in the view of those remaining Liberal, and they entered into an agreement with the Conservative party to support their government.

    For the next three years, the new Liberal-Conservative government lumbered on almost as inept as the previous government. With the scope of the international crisis beyond any remedied any of the institutional parties had ever envisioned, the only thing of note accomplished was a belated attempt to enact some of the more innocuous provisions of the New Deal and the People's Budget, including small pension benefits and some unemployment relief. Under public pressure to introduce a corporate income tax, but not wanting to alienate - oh heck who are we kidding? Not wanting to tax the lucrative tourist and film production businesses which were the source of foreign currency (and which they, by and larg, owned), the government introduced corporate income taxes - on all businesses BUT the tourist and film production industries.

    While this did increase government revenues which afforded them the ability to introduce pensions and the dole, it enraged the small business owners of the country.

    Under pressure from the High Commissioner to get things under control, as it appeared the situation was unraveling now across the Caribbean as strikes were developing in Belize, Cuba and Jamaica, the flustered government called a snap election.

    The opposition was prepared. The Labour Party drew its support from the urban working classes of all colours, including a substantial European immigrant proportion. The Farmer's Union, unsurprisingly, drew support from working class and middle class rural folks, of all colours, which had notably fewer immigrants. And the Progressives primarily drew from the middle- and professional class persons of colour.

    These three parties formed an electoral alliance to not run Candidates against each other and to share resources - and notably to exclude the Socialist party, who's inclusion could draw the ire of the international community.

    They campaigned on increasing income taxes to facilitate mass works projects, enacting suffrage for women and indigenous Floridians, instituting crop insurance for farmers (who were unable to qualify for unemployment subsidies), and in general enacting a progressive agenda which could pull Florida out of the Victorian era.

    The Liberals and Conservatives, in response, fashioned a similar alliance as well. No one was fooled. The old institutional parties were trounced, the new Progressive-Labour alliance won a resounding victory, and Florida had a government representing the majority of its population, and led by a Floridian of colour, for the first time in its history.
     
    Last edited:
    Florida in the other Great War
  • Assuming there is a second world war in the same approximate time frame as OTL, it would have, as OTL, a much greater impact on Florida than the first one.

    Not only did the war last two years longer, but mechanization had increased by leaps and bounds in the intervening thirty years, and the American involvement was almost four times as long.

    Before American involvement, Florida would again see a substantial portion of its labour force head to Europe; but, far more than during WWI, Florida would become an important industrial hub, primarily for aircraft and ship building. These industries would draw more labourers off the farms of Florida. The farm labourers were largely replaced by West Indian and African-American migrant workers.

    Due to the mild climate, relatively lower wages, distance from the European front and location on the most direct routes to North Africa, Florida's economy really boomed once the Americans entered the fray. Although the effects are muted compared to OTL, Florida would still house tens of thousands of American soldiers, albeit temporarily, during and after the war. Being allies throughout the war led to the development of an integrated North American industrial network which proved easily adaptable to consumer products once the war had ended.

    Agricultural production also grew exponentially as Floridian crops helped keep the allies fed.

    The explosion of economic productivity helped transform Florida into a modern industrial nation, and brought plenty more Americans who would return with their families for vacation, or as retirees, after the war.

    Paved roads and motor vehicles, both widely in use by the armed forces, became a common sight during this period.

    After the war, Florida became an enthusiastic member of the Western Allies, although successive post war governments were heavily influenced by the robust welfare states being developed in Australasia, Britain and western Europe.
     
    Higher Education
  • St. Augustine, Florida, 1960-something

    A young black man draws on a roughly-formed joint. Without exhaling, he passes it off to another young man, white but swarthy, with a delicate precision.

    "
    Grab the window" said the white man, the two managed to swap roles without swapping places in the tightly cramped dormitory bathroom they were crowding. They continued to pass the joint back and forth, constantly adjusting their grip and the door and fanning with their t-shirts to try to direct the smoke outside. After a minute or so, they had perfected this 'ballet' of sorts and they relaxed into conversation.

    "Gotta say man, I don't think I've ever had a white friend before"

    "Likewise" came the response. "I mean, like, with black folks"

    They were an odd pair. There was Danny Durante, son of an Italian immigrant father and a Tampa-born Jewish mother who's parents had immigrated from Russia. He was aggressive, high-strung, and athletic. His grades had qualified him for the top university in the country, on a full-ride scholarship no less, but it was his dogged determinism, bred from growing up on the east side of St Petersburg in a tough immigrant neighbourhood, that allowed him to excel in the face of the (still) fairly WASP University of St Augustine

    Contrasting him was Timothy King. Nearly a foot taller, he was stoic, reserved, and contemplative. He did have a Jamaican-born grandparent, but both his parents could trace their ancestry at least partly to enslaved persons brought to Florida by Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War.

    As they both were out-of-district students, and from families below the income cut-off, they both qualified for student accommodations despite being in their third years of university. They had been matched as roommates because they shared birthdays. This method of matching students tended not to work as well as the administration predicted, but with Danny and TK, they had hit it off instantly due to a mutual love of marijuana and hatred of Manchester United.

    "Lemme ask you something" said TK to Danny as he passed the joint again.

    "Go for it" replied his newly-minted friend.

    "What the heck is up with camping?"

    Danny laughed and snorted and smoke almost came out his nose.

    TK continued, apparently expecting resistance to this question. "I mean like, you pay good money to rent a place, you get it just the way you like it, then you pay more money to leave and go into the jungle with the mosquitoes and snakes."

    "White people like to 'get into the outdoors'" replied Danny. He put on a performative goofy grin as he said this

    (tbc)
     
    Last edited:
    Post War Floridian Sociology
  • I had started to write about the progression of governments from the 1930s, but then I realized that it was probably worthwhile to discuss some of the socio-cultural groups, from a Floridian perspective, to help make sense of the forces at play here.

    Before diving right in, I need to discuss the "C-word" (coloured). I have refrained from using it in this thread because I understand that it is considered offensive in the USA, and that most of the audience for this site are American. I don't think that too much in particular is added or lost by its use or non-use, so I felt the safest bet was to not use it.

    However. It is not an offensive word, for example, in South Africa. In South Africa, it specifically refers to mixed-race people (predominately African-European, but DNA studies show that most of the population have some Asian ancestry as well). I bring this up because I believe that the term would be widely used to refer to mixed-race Floridians. I will continue to refrain from using it so as to not cause offense; but if you do see me make reference to the "c-word" from here on out, know that I'm referring to the common Floridian expression for people who aren't quite white and aren't quite black.

    Of course, in Florida, as everywhere, money lightens, and therefore the different groups aren't strictly defined by skin colour, although skin colour was of course an important factor. "Breeding", referring to lineage of aristocracy of one's ancestors, Education, wealth, accent, and occupation all helped define the socio-cultural groups.

    With that out of the way, we can zoom in on some of these groups in a little more detail, starting with the Floridians of European or predominately European heritage.

    There are three commonly used terms to refer to white Floridians, and none of them are clearly defined, and they are often overlapping.

    1. Cracker - this term is also considered non-offensive in Florida, although there is sometimes a pejorative connotation, usually from wealthier white Floridians.

    It originally referred to the Scottish, Irish, and Scots-Irish settlers of North Florida, especially those of the working or lower class. In its initial use, it mostly referred to a social class (the lower-class whites), but over time it became associated more particularly with their culture. As such, in the 19th century, it was common for upwardly-mobile Cracker families to eschew that label once they became wealthy enough, but in the modern era, it is very common to hear people from all parts of Florida and all walks of life describing themselves as being "of Cracker heritage".

    Today's remaining "authentic" (working class whites descended from the original Irish and Scottish settlers of North Florida) are concentrated near the American border, and their accent and culture is, out of all Floridian cultures, the most influenced by that of their white Southern (US) neighbours.

    See Also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_cracker

    2. Conch/conky - another term for white Floridians, and not particularly associated with any economic class, conch or conky is most commonly used to refer to long-time Floridian families, and/or those who have adopted a certain 'laid-back' Caribbean-associated lifestyle. A conch or conky will likely have a more noticeable West Indian twang to their standard accent.

    3. River Royalty - alright I made this term up. It refers to wealthiest Floridians, especially descendants of the plantocracy, and is so named for their propensity to have large estates fronting the St. John's River. The most pejorative of the three terms.

    Of course, these days, it is entirely possible to be all three simultaneously - and it may be noted descendants of more recent European immigrants may identify as part of smaller subcultures (Italian-Floridian, Greek-Floridian, Jewish-Floridian, etc.)

    In addition, there are two significantly smaller, regional subcultures:

    -the Minorcans (descendants of the Greek, Catalan, and Italian New Smyrna settlers, primarily located on the east coast)

    -the Saint-Dominicans (descendants of white Haitians who settled primarily in West Florida)

    there is also likely to be a small Cajun community in West Florida. (Later immigrants from Louisiana, not directly from Acadia)

    (tbc)
     
    Top