View attachment 631579Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was an American politician, journalist, and farmer who served as the 33rd President of the United States from April 12th 1945 to January 20th 1957. Prior to his presidency he served as Vice President of the United States and United States Secretary of Agriculture under US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Wallace was born in 1888 in Orient, Iowa. He was the son of Henry C. Wallace, a farmer and political activist who served as US Secretary of Agriculture during the Presidencies of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. He worked as a writer for his family's newspaper, and later worked as a farmer himself before starting a corn company. Despite originally being a Republican, he later came to support the Democratic party, becoming an outspoken supporter of 1932 Democratic Presidential nominee Franklin Roosevelt, who appointed Wallace as the 11th US Secretary of Agriculture after he won the 1932 election. When Roosevelt sought an unprecedented third term in 1940, incumbent Vice President John Nance Garner was dropped from the Democratic party ticket, and Roosevelt chose Wallace to replace him. Despite Wallace, who's progressive views caused him to gain large opposition from the more conservative factions of the democratic party, faced an uphill battle to nomination, he narrowly won the Vice Presidential nomination during the 1940 DNC.
The Roosevelt-Wallace ticket won the 1940 Presidential election and Wallace was inaugurated as the 33rd Vice President of the United States on January 20th 1941. Although he quickly became frustrated with the Vice Presidency, finding it a mostly ceremonial role, prompting President Roosevelt to appoint him to the Board of Economic Warfare as chairman, giving him a key role in the mobilization of the US Military during the US entry into the Second World War. He held several other key position's in Roosevelt's administration as Vice President, leading many to refer to him as the first Vice President to really hold much power. When the 1944 Presidential election rolled around, and Roosevelt decided to seek as fourth term, he wanted Wallace as his running mate again. Although, with Roosevelt's health in doubt and many within the Democratic party knowing he probably wouldn't make it to the end of his fourth term, meaning his Vice President would most likely assume the Presidency at some point over the next four years. This made many in the Democratic party wary of re-nomination Wallace as VP, as his progressive views that nearly cost him the 1940 nomination angered many in the party's conservatives wing, and he faced serious opposition with more moderate members of the party attempting to replace him with Missouri Senator Harry Truman. Despite this, he was able to win the nomination on the second ballot, following which he and Roosevelt were re-elected in the November general election. He was re-inaugurated as Vice President on January 20th 1945.
His second term as Vice President would be incredibly short lived though, as he ascended to become the 33rd President of the United States on April 12th 1945, when President Roosevelt passed away as many Democratic party higher ups had expected. The first act of his Presidency rescinded executive order 9066, which had been signed by Roosevelt in 1942 and had authorized the Secretary of War to start incarcerating's Japanese-American citizens following the Attack on Pearl Harbor. His first term as President saw several consequential events occur, including the dropping of two atomic bombs off the coast of Japan, forcing their surrender and the end of World War Two, ratification of the 22nd (Presidential term limits), 23rd (elimination of poll taxes and lowering voting age to 18) and 24th (equal rights) amendments to the US Constitution, and the admitting of Alaska and Hawaii as the 49th and 50th states. Despite his relatively consequential first term, he had broken with the conservative wing of his party on almost every major act of his presidency, after the conservative and moderate factions of the Democratic party to unite during the 1948 Democratic National Convention and nominate Georgia Senator Richard Russell for President. Despite having lost his party's nomination, Wallace chose instead to run for re-election as a member of the left wing Progressive "Bull Moose" Party, a spiritual successor to the one used as a vessel for former President Teddy Roosevelt for his 1912 Presidential run. He picked Democrat turned Progressive Senator Glenn H. Taylor of Idaho as his running mate.
Despite consistently being the underdog, Wallace managed to form a coalition of voters who felt abandoned by the Democratic and Republican parties. Many moderate and liberal Republicans felt left behind by the Republican party, which had been trying its best to court southern and conservative Democrats during Wallace's first term, while many moderate and liberal Democrats felt betrayed when the Democrats nominated Russell, a staunch segregationist for President. Wallace's coalition of progressives, liberals and moderates helped him carry many northern states during the 1948 election and saw him win a narrow 276 electoral vote victory over the Democratic ticket of Richard Russell and Strom Thurmond, as well as the Republican ticket of Douglass MacArthur and Alf Landon. He was sworn in for a full term as President on January 20th 1949. Despite the 22nd amendment limiting a President to two terms, and restricting a President from running for a second full term if they ascended to the Presidency in the first half of their predecessors term, Wallace was exempt from the term limit as he was the incumbent President when the amendment was ratified, prompting him to run for a second full term in 1952. He was easily re-nominated by the Progressive party, as was Vice President Taylor, following which he went up against the Democratic ticket of Strom Thurmond and Adlai Stevenson, and the Republican ticket of Robert Taft and Joseph McCarthy. The election saw neither candidate receive a majority of electoral votes, and despite a last ditch re-count effort by the Progressive's to sway the results in California in their favor, which would have given Wallace the needed majority of votes, the election was eventually thrown to the US Congress. The contingent election in the House and Senate eventually went Wallace's way, with him being elected by the House and Taylor by the Senate.
His 11 year Presidency was seen as one of the most consequential in American history, during his two full terms he would oversea the desegregation of the US Military, ratification of the 24th Amendment (Presidential line of succession and filling Vice Presidential vacancies), signed the Civil and Voting Rights Act, the establishment of the American Healthcare System, admitting Puerto Rico as the 51st state and was credited with delaying the beginning of the Cold War, despite his view on the Soviet Union souring towards the end of his Presidency. His election was in 1948 was widely seen as a re-aligning election in American politics, seen as the end of the forth party system, dominated by the Democratic and Republican parties, and the beginning of the fifth party system, which would be dominated by the left-wing Progressive and center-right National Republican Party. After the Democrats and Republican's lost the 1948 election, largely due to their similarities allowing Wallace to court the moderate, liberal and progressive vote, the two party's tried to distance themselves from each other, although this proved hard with most people slightly left of the center fleeing to the progressives, and the Democrats and Republicans splitting what was left. After the two parties were walloped by vote splitting during the 1958 mid-terms, they finally decided, since at that point they were very similar in policy, to merge into one, and the National Republican Party was born. Wallace would leave office on January 20th 1957, the 1956 election, which he would not contest, would come down to his Vice President, Glenn Taylor, who was now at the top of the Progressive ticket, and National Republican Lyndon Baines Johnson. Johnson and his running mate, Richard Nixon, would eventually win the presidency over Taylor and his running mate, Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy, who would succeeded Johnson as President after winning the 1964 election. Wallace died in Danbury, Connecticut on November 18th 1965 at the age of 77.