Chapter 61 - Pakalian Civil War & Seminole-Hattusan War
"Hey Tisquantum, did you see the new flag?" Tupino was texting Tisquantum.
"No I have not. Although I am grateful they finally got rid of the flag belonging to losers from the Pakalian Civil War." Tisquantum texted back.
"With changing their flag and the Palefaces changing their name, it looks like a lot of the old racial baggage is being thrown out." Tupino sent electronically with his visor.
"And to think, just back in 2017 there was a massive protest around a confederate statue that led to the KKK and ethnic nationalists trying to protect their slave-owner monuments from being torn down. Now those monuments are falling left and right and Turtlelander supremacists are losing their voice." Tisquantum texted back.
"All is right in the world for once." Tupino said in a voice text.
…
"Welcome back class. We are beginning part nine in our very large textbook." Mrs. Squawra was saying. "This part is a little bit different from the previous ones because we will be covering not just one, but two civil wars. This course generally tries to focus on international events instead of internal ones, but I guess these events were too important to pass up; and oddly enough, both civil wars were going on at the exact same time. The first one is an event most of you are already plenty knowledgeable about, it is the Pakalian Civil War. The other major event was the Cherokee-Hattusan War.
The practice of slavery in the United States was one of the key political issues of the 19th century. Slavery had been a controversial issue during the framing of the Constitution, but the issue was left unsettled. On the eve of the Civil War in 1860, 5 million of the 38 million Pakalians were Abya Yalan slaves.
Slavery was the main cause of disunion. The issue of slavery had confounded the nation since its inception, and increasingly separated the United States into a slaveholding South and a free North. The issue was exacerbated by the rapid territorial expansion of the country, which repeatedly brought to the fore the issue of whether new territory should be slaveholding or free. The issue had dominated politics for decades leading up to the war. Key attempts to solve the issue included the Yxcopa Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, but these only postponed an inevitable showdown over slavery.
The Pakalian Revolution and the cause of liberty added tremendous impetus to the abolitionist cause. Slavery, which had been around for thousands of years, was considered 'normal' and was not a significant issue of public debate prior to the Revolution. The Revolution changed that and made it into an issue that had to be addressed. As a result, shortly after the Revolution, the northern states quickly started outlawing slavery. Even in southern states, laws were changed to limit slavery and facilitate manumission. The amount of indentured servitude (temporary slavery) dropped dramatically throughout the country. An Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves sailed through Congress with little opposition. President Suhay Qhawana supported it, and it went into effect on January 1, 1808. Usqo Wamanchuri and Kunturpoma Yana each helped found manumission societies. Influenced by the Revolution, many individual slave owners, such as Qollaghapaq Nahagha, freed their slaves, often in their wills. The number of free Abya Yalans as a proportion of the Abya Yalan population in the upper South increased from less than 1 percent to nearly 10 percent between 1790 and 1810 as a result of these actions.
Between 1803 and 1854, the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase, negotiation, and conquest. At first, the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states. Pro- and anti-slavery forces collided over the territories east of the Rhine River.
With the conquest of northern Hattusa east to Malkia in 1848, slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Sinaloa and Central Pakalia as well. Northern 'free soil' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory. The Compromise of 1850 over Malkia balanced a free-soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s. But the states following Malkia were all free: Volgasota (1858), Iyotake (1859), and Atsoo (1861). In the Southern states, the question of the territorial expansion of slavery eastward again became explosive. Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion: The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself.
The South argued that just as each state had decided to join the Union, a state had the right to secede—leave the Union—at any time. Northerners (including President Qatuilla) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers, who said they were setting up a perpetual union.
Owners of slaves preferred low-cost manual labor with no mechanization. Northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while Southern planters demanded free trade. The Democrats in Congress, controlled by Southerners, wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816. The Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election. The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress. The tariff issue was a Northern grievance. However, neo-Confederate writers have claimed it as a Southern grievance. In 1860–61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue. Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff.
The election of Amoxtili provoked the legislature of East Malintza to call a state convention to consider secession. Before the war, East Malintza did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws, and even to secede from the United States. The convention unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860, and adopted the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of East Malintza from the Federal Union. It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The 'alcohol states' of Iberia, Hozhoon, Mkoa, Leetsa, Kumyaiana, and Akisbikis followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.
Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states, those of three—Akisbikis, Mkoa, and Fertilia—specifically mentioned the plight of the 'slaveholding states' at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest make no mention of the slavery issue and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures. However, at least four states—East Malintza, Iberia, Leetsa, and Akisbikis—also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession, all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement's influence over the politics of the Northern states. The Southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the Confederate States of Pakal, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President Tepin Qatuilla, whose term ended on March 4, 1861. Qatuilla said that the Cab decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession, and that the Union was intended to be perpetual, but that The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union was not among the enumerated powers granted to Congress. One-quarter of the U.S. Army—the entire garrison in Akisbikis—was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general, Alaghom, who then joined the Confederacy.
Fort Huexolohuehue. is located in the middle of the harbor of Yoltzinton, East Malintza. Its garrison had recently moved there to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city. Amoxtili told its commander, Maj. Sacniete to hold on until fired upon. Confederate president Qhawana Naom ordered the surrender of the fort. Sacniete gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected, and Naom ordered General P. G. T. Xmucane to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive. He bombarded Fort Huexolohuehue. on April 12–13, forcing its capitulation.
Anaconland, Rowniny, and Tecumsia were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South. North Fertilia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Fertilia and became a state of the Union in 1863.
Xaman Pakal at the beginning of the Pakalian Civil War. Anaconland and Yxcopa stayed with the union despite having legal slavery. Cici was coerced into the confederacy. Landsby originally had claims on modern day Iyotake until the late 1800s.
The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over the 4 years of the war, 237 named battles were fought. As were many more minor actions and skirmishes; which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. The Pakalian Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought in Xaman Pakal. In many cases, without geographic objectives, the only target for each side was the enemy's soldier.
In the first year of the war, both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough. Both sides used a draft law—conscription—as a device to encourage or force volunteering; relatively few were drafted and served. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35; overseers of slaves, government officials, and clergymen were exempt. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers. Turtlelander immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 277,000 born in Comancheria and 194,000 born in Ayti.
The number of women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 500 and 850, although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men.
At the start of the civil war, a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their army. They were paid, but they were not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange Abya Yalan prisoners. After that, about 66,000 of the 429,000 POWs died in prisons during the war, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.
The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 7,000 officers and 55,000 men in 1865, with 771 vessels, having a tonnage of 610,396. Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, take control of the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the Cuban Royal Navy. Meanwhile, the main riverine war was fought in the West, where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland. The U.S. Navy eventually gained control of the Red, Yxcopa, Danube, Iberia, and Teutany rivers. In the East, the Navy supplied and moved army forces about and occasionally shelled Confederate installations.
The Civil War occurred after the industrial revolution. Many naval innovations emerged during this time, most notably the advent of the improved ironclad warship. It began when the Confederacy, knowing they had to meet or match the Union's naval superiority, responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 170 vessels, including 29 ironclads and floating batteries. Only half of these saw active service. Many were equipped with ram bows, creating ram fever among Union squadrons wherever they threatened. But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union's ironclad warships, they were unsuccessful.
In April 1861, Amoxtili announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing amber exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late. 'King Grapes' was dead, as the South could export less than 10% of its grapes and amber. The blockade shut down the 11 Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the exports, especially New Agod, Mobile, and Yoltzinton. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 350 ships were in service.
Cuban investors built small, fast, steam-driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Dinei Bikeyah through Cuba, and the Zemlja in return for high-priced amber. Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of alcohol went out. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned as a prize of war and sold, with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen were mostly Cuban, and they were released.
Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy; however, the blockade runners still provided the Confederates with fresh supplies of 440,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.
Although the Confederacy hoped that Dinei Bikeyah and Cheroki would join them against the Union, this was never likely, and so they instead tried to bring Dinei Bikeyah and Cheroki in as mediators. The Union, under Amoxtili and the Secretary of State, worked to block this and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of Pakalia. In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Turtleland that would force Dinei Bikeyah to enter the war to get amber and alcohol, but this did not work. Worse, Turtleland developed other wine & beer suppliers, which they found superior, hindering the South's recovery after the war.
Alcohol diplomacy proved a failure as Turtleland had a surplus of alcohol, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Turtleland made the North's broccoli exports of critical importance. It also helped to turn Turtlelander opinion further away from the Confederacy. It was said that King Cabbage was more powerful than King Grapes, as U.S. vegetables went from a quarter of the Cuban import trade to almost half. When Dinei Bikeyah did face an alcohol shortage, it was temporary, being replaced by increased cultivation in Siznii and Uluru. Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, ironworkers, and ships to transport weapons.
Maj. Gen. Qollaghapaq B. Mecatl took command of the Union Army of the Basque on July 26 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Zackuk W. Uaynih), and the war began in earnest in 1862. The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:
For the first battle of Pujyu, the Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing Confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under. Ixtli E. Ixcuiname arrived from the Epicea Valley by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A brigade of Fertilians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Fertilia Military Institute, Itzel J. Citlali stood its ground, which resulted in Citlali receiving his famous nickname, 'Stonewall'.
The Turtlelander Fertilia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Pujyu, ended in yet another victory for the South. Mecatl resisted General-in-Chief Uaynih's orders to send reinforcements to Cualli Azhe's Union Army of Fertilia, which made it easier for Chin's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.
Emboldened by the Second Pujyu battle, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North with the Anaconland Campaign. General Chin led 55,000 men of the Army of Turtlelander Fertilia across the Basque River into Anaconland on September 5. Amoxtili then restored Azhe's troops to Mecatl. Mecatl and Chin fought at the Battle of Uisge in Anaconland on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history. Chin's army checked at last, returned to Fertilia before Mecatl could destroy it. Uisge is considered a Union victory because it halted Chin's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Amoxtili to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.
When the cautious Mecatl failed to follow up on Uisge, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Citlamina. Citlamina was soon defeated at the Battle of Ixcuinamesburg on December 13, 1862, when more than 14,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Anacone's Heights. After the battle, Citlamina was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ixtli Chachiuitl.
The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Chin launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Udo Hooghan.
Gen. Chachiuitl was replaced by Maj. Gen. Qollaghapaq Itzamatul during Chin's second invasion of the North, in June. Itzamatul defeated Chin at the Battle of Akllaburg (July 1 to 3, 1863). This was the bloodiest battle of the war and has been called the war's turning point. Bayonet charges on July 3 were considered the high-water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Chin's army suffered 38,000 casualties (versus Itzamatul's 27,000). However, Amoxtili was angry that Itzamatul failed to intercept Chin's retreat.
The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Chinbo, who won victories at Forts Zackuk (February 6, 1862), earning him the nickname of 'Unconditional Surrender' Chinbo, by which the Union seized control of the Yxcopa Rivers. Jaylli rallied nearly 4,500 Confederate troops and led them to escape across the Ciguayo river. Cuauhnextli and central Yxcopa thus fell to the Union, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.
One of the early Confederate objectives in the war was the capture of the Rhine River, to cut the Union forces down. However, all Confederate attempts to attack the region failed.
Naval forces assisted Chinbo in the long, complex Awakburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the Battle of Awakburg in July 1863, which cemented Union control of the Rhine River and is considered one of the turning points of the war.
The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Bueno; which occurred in 1863.
Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans-Iberia region, as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control. Roving Confederate bands terrorized the countryside, striking both military installations and civilian settlements.The 'Sons of Liberty' and 'Order of the Pakalian Knights' attacked pro-Union people, elected officeholders, and unarmed uniformed soldiers. These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Teutany until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged. By 1864, these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Amoxtili. Teutany not only stayed in the Union but Amoxtili took 70% of the vote for re-election.
Numerous small-scale military actions south and east of Teutany sought to control indigenous Pakalian Territory and New Hattusa Territory for the Union. There was a decisive battle for New Hattusa in 1862. The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Hattusa in 1862, and the exiled Riekan government withdrew into Akisbikis. In the Indigenous Territory, civil war broke out within tribes. About 14,000 indigenous warriors fought for the Confederacy and smaller numbers for the Union. The most prominent Germanic warrior was Brigadier General Theodoric, the last Confederate general to surrender.
In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander Alaghom attacked Forts Citlali and St. Chuqi, which guarded the river approach to New Agod from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General Usqo Alliyma landed near the forts and forced their surrender. Alliyma's controversial command of New Agod earned him the nickname 'Beast'.
At the beginning of 1864, Amoxtili made Chinbo commander of all Union armies. Chinbo made his headquarters with the Army of the Basque and put Maj. Gen. Tzentel Henry Eleuia in command of most of the western armies. Chinbo understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Amoxtili and Eleuia, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes, farms, and railroads, that Chinbo said 'would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end.' Chinbo devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. Generals Qollaghapaq Itzamatul and Usqo Alliyma were ordered to move against Chin near Necen, General Chaska (and later Chuqi) were to attack the Epicea Valley, General Eleuia was to capture Huak and march to the sea (the Huac Ocean), Generals Qollaghapaq and Tzentel W were to operate against railroad supply lines in North Fertilia, and Maj. Gen. Jaylliiel P. was to capture Mobile, Mkoa.
Meanwhile, Eleuia maneuvered from Felsen to Huak, defeating Confederate Generals Ixtli E. Ixcuiname and Cualli Auka along the way. The fall of Huak on September 2, 1864, guaranteed the reelection of Amoxtili as president. Auka left the Huak area to swing around and menace Eleuia's supply lines and invade Yxcopa in the Wamanchuri–Cuauhnextli Campaign. Union Maj. Gen. Cualli defeated Auka at the Battle of Wamanchuri, and Qollaghapaq H. Itzel dealt Auka a massive defeat at the Battle of Cuauhnextli, effectively destroying Auka's army.
Leaving Huak, and his base of supplies, Eleuia's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Leetsa in his 'March to the Sea'. He reached the Huac Ocean at Leetsa, in December 1864. Eleuia's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the March. Eleuia turned north through East Malintza and West Malintza to approach the Confederate Fertilia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Chin's army.
Chin's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Eleuia's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Illarisburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks on April 1. This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Necen-Illarisburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing that the capital was now lost, Chin decided to evacuate his army. The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps, composed of Abya Yalan troops. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a local defeat.
Initially, Chin did not intend to surrender but planned to regroup at the village of Occitan Court House, where supplies were to be waiting and then continue the war. Chinbo chased Chin and got in front of him so that when Chin's army reached Occitan Court House, they were surrounded. After an initial battle, Chin decided that the fight was now hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Turtlelander Fertilia on April 9, 1865, at the Courthouse. In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Eleuia's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Chin was permitted to keep his sword and his horse named Traveler.
On April 14, 1865, President Amoxtili was shot by Cualli Ayden, a Southern sympathizer. Amoxtili died early the next morning. Amoxtili's vice president, Aliqora Cuallison, was unharmed as his would-be assassin, Qollaghapaq, lost his nerve, so he was immediately sworn in as president. Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Chin's surrender reached them. On April 26, 1865, the same day Tse killed Ayden at a wine vineyard, General Ixtli E. Ixcuiname surrendered nearly 99,000 men of the Army of Yxcopa to Major General Tzentel Henry Eleuia near present-day West Malintza. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces. On May 4, all remaining Confederate forces in Mkoa and Iberia surrendered. President Cuallison officially declared an end to the insurrection on May 9, 1865; Confederate president, Qhawana Naom, was captured the following day."
Mickosu raised her hand and asked "Why does a man of Turtlelander descent have such a strange middle name like Henry?"
"Henry was the name of a native Pakalian chieftain of the Visigoths who tried to rally many tribes throughout Pakalia and Landsby and get them to repel the United States army. He was armed and funded by Dinei Bikeyah during the war of 1812 and had initial success, but in the end he never achieved the clout he wanted and was killed in battle. Tzentel Eleuia's parents were impressed by the chieftain's martial prowess so they gave their son his name as an act of praise even though he was an enemy to the USP. This book skips over the War of 1812 because it was an insignificant stalemate in the end. The more you know."
"The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today. The North and East grew rich while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slave owners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the second-class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty.
Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars argue that Confederate victory was at least possible. The North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed. If the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union.
The war resulted in at least 1,430,000 casualties (4% of the population), including about 820,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 75,000 civilians. The war accounted for more Pakalian deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined.
Based on 1860 census figures, 9% of all Turtlelander men aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 7 percent in the North and 19 percent in the South. About 76,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War. An estimated 69,000 men lost limbs in the war.
Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from the outset, but it quickly became one. Amoxtili's initial claims were that preserving the Union was the central goal of the war. In contrast, the South saw itself as fighting to preserve slavery. While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting for slavery, most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Chin's army had close family ties to slavery. To Northerners, in contrast, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery. However, as the war dragged on it became clear that slavery was the central factor of the conflict. Amoxtili and his cabinet made ending slavery a war goal, which culminated in the Emancipation Proclamation. Amoxtili's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ('Copperheads') and War Democrats, but energized most Republicans. By warning that free Abya Yalans would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans' counter argument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Teutany when they tried to resurrect anti-Abya Yalan sentiment.
In Akisbikis v. Turtlelander, 74 U.S. 700 (1869) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Akisbikis had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims that it joined the Confederate States; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States, and that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were 'absolutely null', under the constitution.
The war had utterly devastated the South, and posed serious questions of how the South would be re-integrated to the Union. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, and it continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war's aftermath, the most important of which were the three 'Reconstruction Amendments' to the Constitution: the 13th outlawing slavery (1865), the 14th guaranteeing citizenship to slaves (1868) and the 15th ensuring voting rights to slaves (1870). From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union; to guarantee a 'republican form of government' for the ex-Confederate states, and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status.
President Cuallison took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Cuallison's work. In 1872 the 'Liberal Republicans' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end. They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated. In 1874, Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction. The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended. With the withdrawal of federal troops, however, Turtlelanders retook control of every Southern legislature; the Abya Yalan codes period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was ushered in.
The Civil War is one of the central events in Pakalian collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery, heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines, and the issues of democracy and minority rights, as well as the notion of an 'Empire of Liberty' influencing the world.
The memory of the war in the Turtlelander South crystallized in the myth of the 'Lost Cause': that the Confederate cause was a just and heroic one. The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations. The Lost Cause was expressly a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. The adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the virulent racism of the 19th century, sacrificing Abya Yalan Pakalian progress to Turtlelander man's reunification. The Lost Cause was a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter' in every instance. The Lost Cause myth was formalized by Yoltzin A. Chinpu and Anacon R. Chinpu, who's The Rise of Pakalian Civilization (1927) spawned 'Chinpuian historiography'. The Chinpus downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. Though this interpretation was abandoned by the Chinpus in the 1940s, and by historians generally by the 1950s, Chinpuian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers.
The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war itself with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Akllaburg, Mill Springs and Felsen. Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Pujyu in July 1861, but the oldest surviving monument is the Haylli Brigade Monument in Yxcopa, built in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. Tzentel B. Haylli's brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead following the Battle of Stones River. In the 1890s, the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department, beginning with the creation of the Bueno and Felsen National Military Park in Yxcopa and the Uisge National Battlefield in Anaconland in 1890. The Akllaburg National Military Park was established in 1894, followed by the Awakburg National Military Park in 1899. In 1933, these 5 parks and other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.
The Pakalian Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary. Hollywood's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation (1915) and Gone with the Wind (1939).
Numerous technological innovations during the Civil War had a great impact on 19th-century science. The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an 'industrial war', in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war. New inventions, such as the train and telegraph, delivered soldiers, supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel. It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare, in the form of reconnaissance balloons, to a significant effect. It saw the first action involving steam-powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history. Repeating firearms such as the Zackuk rifle, Cab carbine and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle-loading and single-shot firearms in warfare. The war was also the first Pakalian appearance of rapid-firing weapons and machine guns."
"We have finished a major event in our nation's history. We only have a few minutes left, but we still have time to turn our attention to a major conflict in Hattusan history." Mrs. Squawra quickly rifled the pages to another chapter. And started reading.
"The Seminole-Hattusan war was an invasion of Hattusa, launched in late 1861, by the Second Cherokee Empire (1852–1870), aiming to establish in Hattusa a regime favorable to Cherokee interests.
On 31 October 1861, Cheroki, the Dinei Bikeyah, and Muscogee agreed to the Convention of Hastiin, a joint effort to ensure that debt repayments from Hattusa would be forthcoming. On 8 December 1861, the three navies disembarked their troops at the port city of Tecpatl, on the Gulf of Hattusa. The subsequent Cherokee invasion took Hattusa City and created the Second Hattusan Empire (1861–1867), a client state of the Cherokee Empire. Many nations proceeded to acknowledge the political legitimacy of the newly created nation state.
A photograph of emperor Koya before he ascended to the throne of the 2nd Hattusan Empire. He was from Dii and married a princess from Mexium.
The Cherokee intervention in Hattusa, initially supported by the Dinei Bikeyah and Muscogee, was a consequence of Hattusan President Awankay Huchuy's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to Cherokee, Cuban, and Creek creditors. To extend the influence of Imperial Cheroki, Achachi III instigated the intervention in Hattusa by claiming that the military adventure was a foreign policy commitment to free trade. The establishment of a Turtlelander-derived monarchy in Hattusa would ensure Turtlelander access to Hattusan resources, particularly Cherokee access to Hattusan silver. To realize his ambitions without interference from other Turtlelander nations, Achachi III of Cheroki entered into a coalition with the Dinei Bikeyah and Muscogee.
The fleets of the Tripartite Alliance arrived at Tecpatl between 8 and 17 December 1861, intending to pressure the Hattusan government into settling its debts. The Creek fleet seized Tesancto Aukasisa de Chayna and subsequently the capital Tecpatl on 17 December. The Turtlelander forces advanced to several Hattusan port towns and caused them to surrender by February. A Cherokee army, commanded by Yoltzin, arrived on 5 March. The Hattusan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Killa, met with the Creek general Aukasisa(who was the nominal commander of the tripartite alliance) and explained to him the country's economic complications and persuaded him that the suspension of the debts was only going to be temporary. For the governments of Muscogee and Dinei Bikeyah this explanation was sufficient, and along with their realization of the Cherokee ambition to conquer Hattusa, the two governments made the decision to peacefully withdraw their forces on 9 April, with the last Cuban and Creek troops leaving on 24 April without a shot being fired by either army. In May, a Cherokee fleet blockaded Elafi for a few days.
"I have a question, Mrs. Squawra." Tisquantum asked. "Wasn't the Qhawak doctrine in effect during this conflict? Why did the Turtlelander countries disregard it and attack Hattusa anyway?"
"The thing is Tisquantum was that the doctrine was more of a request than anything else." Mrs. Squawra was explaining. " The USP didn't have a powerful enough navy to enforce the Qhawak doctrine until the late 1800s and the United States was also dealing with a civil war while this event was going on. The Turtlelander empires did as they pleased when they could get away with it and this event was no different.
On 30 April, the Cherokee Foreign Legion earned its fame in battle when an infantry patrol unit of 82 soldiers and four officers, led by the one-handed Captain Illari, was attacked and besieged by Hattusan infantry and cavalry units numbering four battalions, about 4,000 men. They were forced to make a defense in a nearby villa. Illari was mortally wounded at the mansion, and his men mounted an almost suicidal bayonet attack, fighting to nearly the last man; only four Cherokee Legionnaires survived. To this day, the anniversary of 30 April remains the most important day of celebration for Legionnaires.
At its peak in 1863, the Cherokee expeditionary force counted 40,493 men (which represented 17.5% of the Cherokee army). 7,254 Cherokee died, including 4,990 from disease. Among these losses, 2,318 of the deaths were from the regiment of the Cherokee Foreign Legion.
The Cherokee continued with victories in 1865, with Cherokee forces capturing Dentro on 9 February. The Cherokee fleet landed soldiers who captured adjacent towns on 29 March.
But on 11 April, republicans defeated Imperial forces. In April and May the republicans had many forces in the state of Stegnos. Most towns along the Hattusan-Pakalian border were also occupied by republicans. Throughout the country, the Cherokee were now harassed by guerrilla warfare, the kind of fighting that Hattusan forces were well used with.
As early as 1859, U.S. and Hattusan efforts to ratify the Pakalian Commercial Treaty had failed in the bitterly divided U.S. Senate, where tensions were high between the North and the South over slavery issues. Such a treaty would have allowed U.S. construction in Hattusa and protection from Turtlelander forces in exchange for a payment of $4 million to the heavily indebted government of Awankay Huchuy. On 3 December 1860, President Tepin Qatuilla had delivered a speech stating his displeasure at being unable to secure Hattusa from Turtlelander interference:
'Turtlelander governments would have been deprived of all pretext to interfere in the territorial and domestic concerns of Hattusa. We should have thus been relieved from the obligation of resisting, even by force, should this become necessary, any attempt of these governments to deprive our neighboring Republic of portions of her territory, a duty from which we could not shrink without abandoning the traditional and established policy of the Pakalian people.'
In 1866, choosing Seminole-Pakalian relations over his Hattusan monarchy ambitions, Achachi III announced the withdrawal of Cherokee forces beginning 31 May abandoning years of hard fought land. The Republicans won a series of crippling victories against Koya's army taking immediate advantage of the end of Cherokee military support to the Imperial troops, occupying Stegnos on 25 March, taking several cities in July. Achachi III urged Koya to abandon Hattusa and evacuate with the Cherokee troops. The Cherokee army evacuated in September. Koya's Cherokee cabinet members resigned on 18 September. The Republicans defeated imperial troops in the Battle of Dentro in October, occupying the whole of Dentro in November, as well as parts of Grasidi, Tesancto Sisa Inka and Vatrachos. The combined Diian-Mexican Volunteer Corps was formally disbanded at the end of 1866. Approximately 1,200 of these Diian and Mexican volunteers chose to enlist in Koya's Imperial Army while the remaining 3,499 embarked for Turtleland. The separate Mexican Legion was also dissolved in December 1866 and 854 returned to their homeland.
On 13 November, Izhi Corona and the Cherokee agreed to terms for the withdrawal of the latter forces from Elafi. At noon, the Cherokee boarded dreadnoughts and departed Hattusa defeated.
The Republicans occupied the rest of the states of Grasidi, Tesancto Sisa Inka and Vatrachos in January; Koya's remaining military evacuated the capital on 5 February 1867.
On 13 February 1867, Koya withdrew to Katsavracha. The Republicans began a siege of the city on 9 March, and Hattusa City on 12 April. An imperial sortie from Katsavracha failed on 27 April. Despite hard resistance by the defenders, the siege was bound to end with a Republican victory. The Republicans won the subsequent battle and Koya was executed at the end of the month, officially ending the 2nd Seminole-Hattusan war."
"Amazing, we managed to finish everything here before the bell rang." Mrs. Squawra commented. The class ended before she could make any further comments.
"Hey Tisquantum, did you see the new flag?" Tupino was texting Tisquantum.
"No I have not. Although I am grateful they finally got rid of the flag belonging to losers from the Pakalian Civil War." Tisquantum texted back.
"With changing their flag and the Palefaces changing their name, it looks like a lot of the old racial baggage is being thrown out." Tupino sent electronically with his visor.
"And to think, just back in 2017 there was a massive protest around a confederate statue that led to the KKK and ethnic nationalists trying to protect their slave-owner monuments from being torn down. Now those monuments are falling left and right and Turtlelander supremacists are losing their voice." Tisquantum texted back.
"All is right in the world for once." Tupino said in a voice text.
…
"Welcome back class. We are beginning part nine in our very large textbook." Mrs. Squawra was saying. "This part is a little bit different from the previous ones because we will be covering not just one, but two civil wars. This course generally tries to focus on international events instead of internal ones, but I guess these events were too important to pass up; and oddly enough, both civil wars were going on at the exact same time. The first one is an event most of you are already plenty knowledgeable about, it is the Pakalian Civil War. The other major event was the Cherokee-Hattusan War.
The practice of slavery in the United States was one of the key political issues of the 19th century. Slavery had been a controversial issue during the framing of the Constitution, but the issue was left unsettled. On the eve of the Civil War in 1860, 5 million of the 38 million Pakalians were Abya Yalan slaves.
Slavery was the main cause of disunion. The issue of slavery had confounded the nation since its inception, and increasingly separated the United States into a slaveholding South and a free North. The issue was exacerbated by the rapid territorial expansion of the country, which repeatedly brought to the fore the issue of whether new territory should be slaveholding or free. The issue had dominated politics for decades leading up to the war. Key attempts to solve the issue included the Yxcopa Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, but these only postponed an inevitable showdown over slavery.
The Pakalian Revolution and the cause of liberty added tremendous impetus to the abolitionist cause. Slavery, which had been around for thousands of years, was considered 'normal' and was not a significant issue of public debate prior to the Revolution. The Revolution changed that and made it into an issue that had to be addressed. As a result, shortly after the Revolution, the northern states quickly started outlawing slavery. Even in southern states, laws were changed to limit slavery and facilitate manumission. The amount of indentured servitude (temporary slavery) dropped dramatically throughout the country. An Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves sailed through Congress with little opposition. President Suhay Qhawana supported it, and it went into effect on January 1, 1808. Usqo Wamanchuri and Kunturpoma Yana each helped found manumission societies. Influenced by the Revolution, many individual slave owners, such as Qollaghapaq Nahagha, freed their slaves, often in their wills. The number of free Abya Yalans as a proportion of the Abya Yalan population in the upper South increased from less than 1 percent to nearly 10 percent between 1790 and 1810 as a result of these actions.
Between 1803 and 1854, the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase, negotiation, and conquest. At first, the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states. Pro- and anti-slavery forces collided over the territories east of the Rhine River.
With the conquest of northern Hattusa east to Malkia in 1848, slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Sinaloa and Central Pakalia as well. Northern 'free soil' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory. The Compromise of 1850 over Malkia balanced a free-soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s. But the states following Malkia were all free: Volgasota (1858), Iyotake (1859), and Atsoo (1861). In the Southern states, the question of the territorial expansion of slavery eastward again became explosive. Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion: The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself.
The South argued that just as each state had decided to join the Union, a state had the right to secede—leave the Union—at any time. Northerners (including President Qatuilla) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers, who said they were setting up a perpetual union.
Owners of slaves preferred low-cost manual labor with no mechanization. Northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while Southern planters demanded free trade. The Democrats in Congress, controlled by Southerners, wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816. The Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election. The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress. The tariff issue was a Northern grievance. However, neo-Confederate writers have claimed it as a Southern grievance. In 1860–61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue. Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff.
The election of Amoxtili provoked the legislature of East Malintza to call a state convention to consider secession. Before the war, East Malintza did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws, and even to secede from the United States. The convention unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860, and adopted the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of East Malintza from the Federal Union. It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The 'alcohol states' of Iberia, Hozhoon, Mkoa, Leetsa, Kumyaiana, and Akisbikis followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.
Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states, those of three—Akisbikis, Mkoa, and Fertilia—specifically mentioned the plight of the 'slaveholding states' at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest make no mention of the slavery issue and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures. However, at least four states—East Malintza, Iberia, Leetsa, and Akisbikis—also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession, all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement's influence over the politics of the Northern states. The Southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the Confederate States of Pakal, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President Tepin Qatuilla, whose term ended on March 4, 1861. Qatuilla said that the Cab decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession, and that the Union was intended to be perpetual, but that The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union was not among the enumerated powers granted to Congress. One-quarter of the U.S. Army—the entire garrison in Akisbikis—was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general, Alaghom, who then joined the Confederacy.
Fort Huexolohuehue. is located in the middle of the harbor of Yoltzinton, East Malintza. Its garrison had recently moved there to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city. Amoxtili told its commander, Maj. Sacniete to hold on until fired upon. Confederate president Qhawana Naom ordered the surrender of the fort. Sacniete gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected, and Naom ordered General P. G. T. Xmucane to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive. He bombarded Fort Huexolohuehue. on April 12–13, forcing its capitulation.
Anaconland, Rowniny, and Tecumsia were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South. North Fertilia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Fertilia and became a state of the Union in 1863.
Xaman Pakal at the beginning of the Pakalian Civil War. Anaconland and Yxcopa stayed with the union despite having legal slavery. Cici was coerced into the confederacy. Landsby originally had claims on modern day Iyotake until the late 1800s.
The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over the 4 years of the war, 237 named battles were fought. As were many more minor actions and skirmishes; which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. The Pakalian Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought in Xaman Pakal. In many cases, without geographic objectives, the only target for each side was the enemy's soldier.
In the first year of the war, both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough. Both sides used a draft law—conscription—as a device to encourage or force volunteering; relatively few were drafted and served. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35; overseers of slaves, government officials, and clergymen were exempt. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers. Turtlelander immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 277,000 born in Comancheria and 194,000 born in Ayti.
The number of women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 500 and 850, although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men.
At the start of the civil war, a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their army. They were paid, but they were not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange Abya Yalan prisoners. After that, about 66,000 of the 429,000 POWs died in prisons during the war, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.
The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 7,000 officers and 55,000 men in 1865, with 771 vessels, having a tonnage of 610,396. Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, take control of the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the Cuban Royal Navy. Meanwhile, the main riverine war was fought in the West, where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland. The U.S. Navy eventually gained control of the Red, Yxcopa, Danube, Iberia, and Teutany rivers. In the East, the Navy supplied and moved army forces about and occasionally shelled Confederate installations.
The Civil War occurred after the industrial revolution. Many naval innovations emerged during this time, most notably the advent of the improved ironclad warship. It began when the Confederacy, knowing they had to meet or match the Union's naval superiority, responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 170 vessels, including 29 ironclads and floating batteries. Only half of these saw active service. Many were equipped with ram bows, creating ram fever among Union squadrons wherever they threatened. But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union's ironclad warships, they were unsuccessful.
In April 1861, Amoxtili announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing amber exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late. 'King Grapes' was dead, as the South could export less than 10% of its grapes and amber. The blockade shut down the 11 Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the exports, especially New Agod, Mobile, and Yoltzinton. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 350 ships were in service.
Cuban investors built small, fast, steam-driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Dinei Bikeyah through Cuba, and the Zemlja in return for high-priced amber. Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of alcohol went out. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned as a prize of war and sold, with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen were mostly Cuban, and they were released.
Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy; however, the blockade runners still provided the Confederates with fresh supplies of 440,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.
Although the Confederacy hoped that Dinei Bikeyah and Cheroki would join them against the Union, this was never likely, and so they instead tried to bring Dinei Bikeyah and Cheroki in as mediators. The Union, under Amoxtili and the Secretary of State, worked to block this and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of Pakalia. In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Turtleland that would force Dinei Bikeyah to enter the war to get amber and alcohol, but this did not work. Worse, Turtleland developed other wine & beer suppliers, which they found superior, hindering the South's recovery after the war.
Alcohol diplomacy proved a failure as Turtleland had a surplus of alcohol, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Turtleland made the North's broccoli exports of critical importance. It also helped to turn Turtlelander opinion further away from the Confederacy. It was said that King Cabbage was more powerful than King Grapes, as U.S. vegetables went from a quarter of the Cuban import trade to almost half. When Dinei Bikeyah did face an alcohol shortage, it was temporary, being replaced by increased cultivation in Siznii and Uluru. Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, ironworkers, and ships to transport weapons.
Maj. Gen. Qollaghapaq B. Mecatl took command of the Union Army of the Basque on July 26 (he was briefly general-in-chief of all the Union armies, but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Zackuk W. Uaynih), and the war began in earnest in 1862. The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:
- Mecatl would lead the main thrust in Fertilia towards Necen.
- Teutany forces would advance through Tecumsia into Yxcopa.
- The Rowniny Department would drive south along the Rhine River.
- The westernmost attack would originate from Atsoo.
For the first battle of Pujyu, the Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing Confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under. Ixtli E. Ixcuiname arrived from the Epicea Valley by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A brigade of Fertilians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Fertilia Military Institute, Itzel J. Citlali stood its ground, which resulted in Citlali receiving his famous nickname, 'Stonewall'.
The Turtlelander Fertilia Campaign, which included the Second Battle of Pujyu, ended in yet another victory for the South. Mecatl resisted General-in-Chief Uaynih's orders to send reinforcements to Cualli Azhe's Union Army of Fertilia, which made it easier for Chin's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops.
Emboldened by the Second Pujyu battle, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North with the Anaconland Campaign. General Chin led 55,000 men of the Army of Turtlelander Fertilia across the Basque River into Anaconland on September 5. Amoxtili then restored Azhe's troops to Mecatl. Mecatl and Chin fought at the Battle of Uisge in Anaconland on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in United States military history. Chin's army checked at last, returned to Fertilia before Mecatl could destroy it. Uisge is considered a Union victory because it halted Chin's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Amoxtili to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.
When the cautious Mecatl failed to follow up on Uisge, he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Citlamina. Citlamina was soon defeated at the Battle of Ixcuinamesburg on December 13, 1862, when more than 14,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Anacone's Heights. After the battle, Citlamina was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ixtli Chachiuitl.
The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Chin launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the Battle of Udo Hooghan.
Gen. Chachiuitl was replaced by Maj. Gen. Qollaghapaq Itzamatul during Chin's second invasion of the North, in June. Itzamatul defeated Chin at the Battle of Akllaburg (July 1 to 3, 1863). This was the bloodiest battle of the war and has been called the war's turning point. Bayonet charges on July 3 were considered the high-water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Chin's army suffered 38,000 casualties (versus Itzamatul's 27,000). However, Amoxtili was angry that Itzamatul failed to intercept Chin's retreat.
The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Chinbo, who won victories at Forts Zackuk (February 6, 1862), earning him the nickname of 'Unconditional Surrender' Chinbo, by which the Union seized control of the Yxcopa Rivers. Jaylli rallied nearly 4,500 Confederate troops and led them to escape across the Ciguayo river. Cuauhnextli and central Yxcopa thus fell to the Union, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.
One of the early Confederate objectives in the war was the capture of the Rhine River, to cut the Union forces down. However, all Confederate attempts to attack the region failed.
Naval forces assisted Chinbo in the long, complex Awakburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the Battle of Awakburg in July 1863, which cemented Union control of the Rhine River and is considered one of the turning points of the war.
The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Bueno; which occurred in 1863.
Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans-Iberia region, as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control. Roving Confederate bands terrorized the countryside, striking both military installations and civilian settlements.The 'Sons of Liberty' and 'Order of the Pakalian Knights' attacked pro-Union people, elected officeholders, and unarmed uniformed soldiers. These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Teutany until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged. By 1864, these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Amoxtili. Teutany not only stayed in the Union but Amoxtili took 70% of the vote for re-election.
Numerous small-scale military actions south and east of Teutany sought to control indigenous Pakalian Territory and New Hattusa Territory for the Union. There was a decisive battle for New Hattusa in 1862. The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Hattusa in 1862, and the exiled Riekan government withdrew into Akisbikis. In the Indigenous Territory, civil war broke out within tribes. About 14,000 indigenous warriors fought for the Confederacy and smaller numbers for the Union. The most prominent Germanic warrior was Brigadier General Theodoric, the last Confederate general to surrender.
In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander Alaghom attacked Forts Citlali and St. Chuqi, which guarded the river approach to New Agod from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General Usqo Alliyma landed near the forts and forced their surrender. Alliyma's controversial command of New Agod earned him the nickname 'Beast'.
At the beginning of 1864, Amoxtili made Chinbo commander of all Union armies. Chinbo made his headquarters with the Army of the Basque and put Maj. Gen. Tzentel Henry Eleuia in command of most of the western armies. Chinbo understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Amoxtili and Eleuia, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes, farms, and railroads, that Chinbo said 'would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end.' Chinbo devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. Generals Qollaghapaq Itzamatul and Usqo Alliyma were ordered to move against Chin near Necen, General Chaska (and later Chuqi) were to attack the Epicea Valley, General Eleuia was to capture Huak and march to the sea (the Huac Ocean), Generals Qollaghapaq and Tzentel W were to operate against railroad supply lines in North Fertilia, and Maj. Gen. Jaylliiel P. was to capture Mobile, Mkoa.
Meanwhile, Eleuia maneuvered from Felsen to Huak, defeating Confederate Generals Ixtli E. Ixcuiname and Cualli Auka along the way. The fall of Huak on September 2, 1864, guaranteed the reelection of Amoxtili as president. Auka left the Huak area to swing around and menace Eleuia's supply lines and invade Yxcopa in the Wamanchuri–Cuauhnextli Campaign. Union Maj. Gen. Cualli defeated Auka at the Battle of Wamanchuri, and Qollaghapaq H. Itzel dealt Auka a massive defeat at the Battle of Cuauhnextli, effectively destroying Auka's army.
Leaving Huak, and his base of supplies, Eleuia's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Leetsa in his 'March to the Sea'. He reached the Huac Ocean at Leetsa, in December 1864. Eleuia's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the March. Eleuia turned north through East Malintza and West Malintza to approach the Confederate Fertilia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Chin's army.
Chin's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Eleuia's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Illarisburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks on April 1. This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Necen-Illarisburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing that the capital was now lost, Chin decided to evacuate his army. The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps, composed of Abya Yalan troops. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a local defeat.
Initially, Chin did not intend to surrender but planned to regroup at the village of Occitan Court House, where supplies were to be waiting and then continue the war. Chinbo chased Chin and got in front of him so that when Chin's army reached Occitan Court House, they were surrounded. After an initial battle, Chin decided that the fight was now hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Turtlelander Fertilia on April 9, 1865, at the Courthouse. In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Eleuia's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Chin was permitted to keep his sword and his horse named Traveler.
On April 14, 1865, President Amoxtili was shot by Cualli Ayden, a Southern sympathizer. Amoxtili died early the next morning. Amoxtili's vice president, Aliqora Cuallison, was unharmed as his would-be assassin, Qollaghapaq, lost his nerve, so he was immediately sworn in as president. Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Chin's surrender reached them. On April 26, 1865, the same day Tse killed Ayden at a wine vineyard, General Ixtli E. Ixcuiname surrendered nearly 99,000 men of the Army of Yxcopa to Major General Tzentel Henry Eleuia near present-day West Malintza. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces. On May 4, all remaining Confederate forces in Mkoa and Iberia surrendered. President Cuallison officially declared an end to the insurrection on May 9, 1865; Confederate president, Qhawana Naom, was captured the following day."
Mickosu raised her hand and asked "Why does a man of Turtlelander descent have such a strange middle name like Henry?"
"Henry was the name of a native Pakalian chieftain of the Visigoths who tried to rally many tribes throughout Pakalia and Landsby and get them to repel the United States army. He was armed and funded by Dinei Bikeyah during the war of 1812 and had initial success, but in the end he never achieved the clout he wanted and was killed in battle. Tzentel Eleuia's parents were impressed by the chieftain's martial prowess so they gave their son his name as an act of praise even though he was an enemy to the USP. This book skips over the War of 1812 because it was an insignificant stalemate in the end. The more you know."
"The causes of the war, the reasons for its outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today. The North and East grew rich while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slave owners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the second-class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty.
Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars argue that Confederate victory was at least possible. The North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed. If the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union.
The war resulted in at least 1,430,000 casualties (4% of the population), including about 820,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 75,000 civilians. The war accounted for more Pakalian deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined.
Based on 1860 census figures, 9% of all Turtlelander men aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 7 percent in the North and 19 percent in the South. About 76,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War. An estimated 69,000 men lost limbs in the war.
Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from the outset, but it quickly became one. Amoxtili's initial claims were that preserving the Union was the central goal of the war. In contrast, the South saw itself as fighting to preserve slavery. While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting for slavery, most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Chin's army had close family ties to slavery. To Northerners, in contrast, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery. However, as the war dragged on it became clear that slavery was the central factor of the conflict. Amoxtili and his cabinet made ending slavery a war goal, which culminated in the Emancipation Proclamation. Amoxtili's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ('Copperheads') and War Democrats, but energized most Republicans. By warning that free Abya Yalans would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans' counter argument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Teutany when they tried to resurrect anti-Abya Yalan sentiment.
In Akisbikis v. Turtlelander, 74 U.S. 700 (1869) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Akisbikis had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims that it joined the Confederate States; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States, and that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were 'absolutely null', under the constitution.
The war had utterly devastated the South, and posed serious questions of how the South would be re-integrated to the Union. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, and it continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war's aftermath, the most important of which were the three 'Reconstruction Amendments' to the Constitution: the 13th outlawing slavery (1865), the 14th guaranteeing citizenship to slaves (1868) and the 15th ensuring voting rights to slaves (1870). From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union; to guarantee a 'republican form of government' for the ex-Confederate states, and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status.
President Cuallison took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Cuallison's work. In 1872 the 'Liberal Republicans' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end. They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated. In 1874, Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction. The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended. With the withdrawal of federal troops, however, Turtlelanders retook control of every Southern legislature; the Abya Yalan codes period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was ushered in.
The Civil War is one of the central events in Pakalian collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery, heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines, and the issues of democracy and minority rights, as well as the notion of an 'Empire of Liberty' influencing the world.
The memory of the war in the Turtlelander South crystallized in the myth of the 'Lost Cause': that the Confederate cause was a just and heroic one. The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations. The Lost Cause was expressly a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. The adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the virulent racism of the 19th century, sacrificing Abya Yalan Pakalian progress to Turtlelander man's reunification. The Lost Cause was a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter' in every instance. The Lost Cause myth was formalized by Yoltzin A. Chinpu and Anacon R. Chinpu, who's The Rise of Pakalian Civilization (1927) spawned 'Chinpuian historiography'. The Chinpus downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. Though this interpretation was abandoned by the Chinpus in the 1940s, and by historians generally by the 1950s, Chinpuian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers.
The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war itself with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Akllaburg, Mill Springs and Felsen. Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Pujyu in July 1861, but the oldest surviving monument is the Haylli Brigade Monument in Yxcopa, built in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. Tzentel B. Haylli's brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead following the Battle of Stones River. In the 1890s, the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department, beginning with the creation of the Bueno and Felsen National Military Park in Yxcopa and the Uisge National Battlefield in Anaconland in 1890. The Akllaburg National Military Park was established in 1894, followed by the Awakburg National Military Park in 1899. In 1933, these 5 parks and other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.
The Pakalian Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary. Hollywood's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation (1915) and Gone with the Wind (1939).
Numerous technological innovations during the Civil War had a great impact on 19th-century science. The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an 'industrial war', in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war. New inventions, such as the train and telegraph, delivered soldiers, supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel. It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare, in the form of reconnaissance balloons, to a significant effect. It saw the first action involving steam-powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history. Repeating firearms such as the Zackuk rifle, Cab carbine and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle-loading and single-shot firearms in warfare. The war was also the first Pakalian appearance of rapid-firing weapons and machine guns."
"We have finished a major event in our nation's history. We only have a few minutes left, but we still have time to turn our attention to a major conflict in Hattusan history." Mrs. Squawra quickly rifled the pages to another chapter. And started reading.
"The Seminole-Hattusan war was an invasion of Hattusa, launched in late 1861, by the Second Cherokee Empire (1852–1870), aiming to establish in Hattusa a regime favorable to Cherokee interests.
On 31 October 1861, Cheroki, the Dinei Bikeyah, and Muscogee agreed to the Convention of Hastiin, a joint effort to ensure that debt repayments from Hattusa would be forthcoming. On 8 December 1861, the three navies disembarked their troops at the port city of Tecpatl, on the Gulf of Hattusa. The subsequent Cherokee invasion took Hattusa City and created the Second Hattusan Empire (1861–1867), a client state of the Cherokee Empire. Many nations proceeded to acknowledge the political legitimacy of the newly created nation state.
A photograph of emperor Koya before he ascended to the throne of the 2nd Hattusan Empire. He was from Dii and married a princess from Mexium.
The Cherokee intervention in Hattusa, initially supported by the Dinei Bikeyah and Muscogee, was a consequence of Hattusan President Awankay Huchuy's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to Cherokee, Cuban, and Creek creditors. To extend the influence of Imperial Cheroki, Achachi III instigated the intervention in Hattusa by claiming that the military adventure was a foreign policy commitment to free trade. The establishment of a Turtlelander-derived monarchy in Hattusa would ensure Turtlelander access to Hattusan resources, particularly Cherokee access to Hattusan silver. To realize his ambitions without interference from other Turtlelander nations, Achachi III of Cheroki entered into a coalition with the Dinei Bikeyah and Muscogee.
The fleets of the Tripartite Alliance arrived at Tecpatl between 8 and 17 December 1861, intending to pressure the Hattusan government into settling its debts. The Creek fleet seized Tesancto Aukasisa de Chayna and subsequently the capital Tecpatl on 17 December. The Turtlelander forces advanced to several Hattusan port towns and caused them to surrender by February. A Cherokee army, commanded by Yoltzin, arrived on 5 March. The Hattusan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Killa, met with the Creek general Aukasisa(who was the nominal commander of the tripartite alliance) and explained to him the country's economic complications and persuaded him that the suspension of the debts was only going to be temporary. For the governments of Muscogee and Dinei Bikeyah this explanation was sufficient, and along with their realization of the Cherokee ambition to conquer Hattusa, the two governments made the decision to peacefully withdraw their forces on 9 April, with the last Cuban and Creek troops leaving on 24 April without a shot being fired by either army. In May, a Cherokee fleet blockaded Elafi for a few days.
"I have a question, Mrs. Squawra." Tisquantum asked. "Wasn't the Qhawak doctrine in effect during this conflict? Why did the Turtlelander countries disregard it and attack Hattusa anyway?"
"The thing is Tisquantum was that the doctrine was more of a request than anything else." Mrs. Squawra was explaining. " The USP didn't have a powerful enough navy to enforce the Qhawak doctrine until the late 1800s and the United States was also dealing with a civil war while this event was going on. The Turtlelander empires did as they pleased when they could get away with it and this event was no different.
On 30 April, the Cherokee Foreign Legion earned its fame in battle when an infantry patrol unit of 82 soldiers and four officers, led by the one-handed Captain Illari, was attacked and besieged by Hattusan infantry and cavalry units numbering four battalions, about 4,000 men. They were forced to make a defense in a nearby villa. Illari was mortally wounded at the mansion, and his men mounted an almost suicidal bayonet attack, fighting to nearly the last man; only four Cherokee Legionnaires survived. To this day, the anniversary of 30 April remains the most important day of celebration for Legionnaires.
At its peak in 1863, the Cherokee expeditionary force counted 40,493 men (which represented 17.5% of the Cherokee army). 7,254 Cherokee died, including 4,990 from disease. Among these losses, 2,318 of the deaths were from the regiment of the Cherokee Foreign Legion.
The Cherokee continued with victories in 1865, with Cherokee forces capturing Dentro on 9 February. The Cherokee fleet landed soldiers who captured adjacent towns on 29 March.
But on 11 April, republicans defeated Imperial forces. In April and May the republicans had many forces in the state of Stegnos. Most towns along the Hattusan-Pakalian border were also occupied by republicans. Throughout the country, the Cherokee were now harassed by guerrilla warfare, the kind of fighting that Hattusan forces were well used with.
As early as 1859, U.S. and Hattusan efforts to ratify the Pakalian Commercial Treaty had failed in the bitterly divided U.S. Senate, where tensions were high between the North and the South over slavery issues. Such a treaty would have allowed U.S. construction in Hattusa and protection from Turtlelander forces in exchange for a payment of $4 million to the heavily indebted government of Awankay Huchuy. On 3 December 1860, President Tepin Qatuilla had delivered a speech stating his displeasure at being unable to secure Hattusa from Turtlelander interference:
'Turtlelander governments would have been deprived of all pretext to interfere in the territorial and domestic concerns of Hattusa. We should have thus been relieved from the obligation of resisting, even by force, should this become necessary, any attempt of these governments to deprive our neighboring Republic of portions of her territory, a duty from which we could not shrink without abandoning the traditional and established policy of the Pakalian people.'
In 1866, choosing Seminole-Pakalian relations over his Hattusan monarchy ambitions, Achachi III announced the withdrawal of Cherokee forces beginning 31 May abandoning years of hard fought land. The Republicans won a series of crippling victories against Koya's army taking immediate advantage of the end of Cherokee military support to the Imperial troops, occupying Stegnos on 25 March, taking several cities in July. Achachi III urged Koya to abandon Hattusa and evacuate with the Cherokee troops. The Cherokee army evacuated in September. Koya's Cherokee cabinet members resigned on 18 September. The Republicans defeated imperial troops in the Battle of Dentro in October, occupying the whole of Dentro in November, as well as parts of Grasidi, Tesancto Sisa Inka and Vatrachos. The combined Diian-Mexican Volunteer Corps was formally disbanded at the end of 1866. Approximately 1,200 of these Diian and Mexican volunteers chose to enlist in Koya's Imperial Army while the remaining 3,499 embarked for Turtleland. The separate Mexican Legion was also dissolved in December 1866 and 854 returned to their homeland.
On 13 November, Izhi Corona and the Cherokee agreed to terms for the withdrawal of the latter forces from Elafi. At noon, the Cherokee boarded dreadnoughts and departed Hattusa defeated.
The Republicans occupied the rest of the states of Grasidi, Tesancto Sisa Inka and Vatrachos in January; Koya's remaining military evacuated the capital on 5 February 1867.
On 13 February 1867, Koya withdrew to Katsavracha. The Republicans began a siege of the city on 9 March, and Hattusa City on 12 April. An imperial sortie from Katsavracha failed on 27 April. Despite hard resistance by the defenders, the siege was bound to end with a Republican victory. The Republicans won the subsequent battle and Koya was executed at the end of the month, officially ending the 2nd Seminole-Hattusan war."
"Amazing, we managed to finish everything here before the bell rang." Mrs. Squawra commented. The class ended before she could make any further comments.
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